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High-pitched Holosystolic Murmer (over left sternal border)
Dyspnea and Respiratory Distress
Loud Pulmonic S2
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Treatment
Small VSDs Close Spontaneously
Large VSDs Require Surgery
Complications
Endocarditis
Eisenmenger's Syndrome
CHF
2 mins
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Continuous
Machine like murmur
Often Due to Congenital Rubella
Prematurity
1 min
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
Common Arterial Trunk
Single Trunk Emerges from Both Ventricles
Symptoms
Cyanosis
Pulmonary Congestion
Heart Failure
Single S2 Sound
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Chest X-ray
Treatment
Early Surgical Correction
Avoids Pulmonary Hypertension
2 mins
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Features
Blue Baby Syndrome
Mechanism
PROVe Acronym
Pulmonary Infundibular Stenosis
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Overriding Aorta
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Diagnosis and Treatment
Boot-Shaped Heart
Squatting for Tet Spells
Surgery
2 mins
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
Pathophysiology
Pulmonary Veins Do Not Connect to Left Atrium
Oxygenated Blood Return to Right Atrium
Incompatible with Life without a Shunt
With Obstruction
Vessel Enters at an Acute Angle
Severe Cyanosis
Pulmonary Edema
Without Obstruction
Delayed Manifestation (1 or 2 years)
Right Heart Failure
Chest X-ray Shows "Snowman"
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Treatment
Surgical Correction
3 mins
Transposition of Great Vessels
Pathophysiology
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation are in Parallel
Incompatible with Life Without a Shunt
Symptoms
Severe Cyanosis at Birth
Single S2 sound
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Chest X-ray shows "Egg-shaped Silhouette"
Treatment
Prostaglandin
Avoid NSAIDs
Surgical Correction
Balloon Atrial Septostomy
2 mins
Coarctation of The Aorta
Pathophysiology
Constriction of a Portion of Aorta
Turner Syndrome
Symptoms
Asymptomatic Hypertension
BP Higher in Upper Extremities, Right Arm
CHF
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Cardiac Catheterization
3 Sign on Chest X-Ray
Rib Notching
Treatment
Surgical Correction
2 mins
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Chronic Alcohol Abuse
Doxorubicin Toxicity
Cocaine Use
Wet Beriberi
Hemochromatosis
Coxsackie B
Chagas Disease
Peripartum
S3
Eccentric Hypertrophy
2 mins
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Sarcoidosis
Amyloidosis
Post-radiation Fibrosis
Endocardial Fibroelastosis
Löffler's or Loeffler's Syndrome with Eosinophilia
Hemochromatosis
2 mins
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Mechanisms
Pathophysiology
2/3 Autosomal-Dominant
1/3 Sporadic Type
Mutation in Gene for Sarcomere Protein
Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein C
Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy
Outflow Tract Obstruction
Diastolic Dysfunction
2 mins
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Signs, Symptoms and Treatment
Signs and Symptoms
Sudden Death Of Young Athlete
Heart Failure
Angina
Arrhythmias
Syncope
Harsh Systolic Ejection Murmur
S4 Heart Sound
Treatment
Beta Blocker
Non-dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker
2 mins
Aortic Stenosis
Characteristics
Age-related Calcifications
Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Crescendo-decrescendo Murmur
Systolic Murmur
Ejection Murmur
Ejection Click
Radiates to Carotids and Apex
Pulsus Parvus et Tardus
Syncope
Helmet Cells
2 mins
Aortic Regurgitation
Auscultation
Diastolic Murmur
Immediate High-pitched
Blowing Murmur
Clinical Findings
Wide Pulse Pressure
Water Hammer Pulse
Head Bobbing
Pulsating Nail Bed
Considerations
Can Cause Austin Flint Murmur
1 min
Tricuspid Regurgitation
Holosystolic
Blowing Murmur
Radiates to Right Sternal Border
Enhanced by Inspiration
1 min
Mitral Stenosis
Characteristics
Murmur Follows Opening Snap
Late Diastolic Murmur
Enhanced by Expiration
Low-Pitched Rumbling
Dilation of Left Atrium (LA)
Recurrent Attacks of Rheumatic Fever
2 mins
Mitral Regurgitation
Characteristics
Holosystolic
Blowing Murmur
Loudest at Apex
Radiates toward Axilla
Louder by Squatting
Hand Grip
Expiration
1 min
Rheumatic Fever
Pathophysiology
Pharyngeal Infection with Strep Pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Signs and Symptoms
Aschoff Bodies
Anitschkow's Cells
Early Death Due to Myocarditis
Migratory Polyarthritis
Subcutaneous Nodules
Erythema Marginatum
Chorea
Diagnosis
Elevated ESR
2 mins
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