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HSIII Test 1
Blood Acid-Base Control
Characteristics
In a State of Acidemia
Medullary Chemoreceptors Control Ventilation Rate
Expulsion of CO2 through Lungs Increases pH
Bicarbonate Reabsorption from the Kidney Increases pH
Kidney Excretion of H+ Increases pH
2 mins
How to Interpret Acid Base Disorders
pH, pCO₂, HCO₃ (Bicarbonate)
Step 1
pH
Acidosis
Alkalosis
Step 2
pCO₂
Opposite Direction as pH
Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Step 3
HCO₃ (Bicarbonate)
Same Direction as pH
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
3 mins
Respiratory Alkalosis Interventions
Treat Underlying Cause
Mechanically Ventilated Patients
Decrease Tidal Volume and/or Respiratory Rate
Give Adequate Pain Control and Sedation
Hyperventilation Syndrome
Sedatives
Antidepressants
Considerations
Compensatory Drop in Serum Bicarbonate
Calming Breathing Exercises
Correct CO2 Slowly
2 mins
Respiratory Alkalosis Assessment
Assessment
Increased pH > 7.45
Decreased PaCO2 < 35 mmHg
Hyperventilation
Brainstem Stimulation
Head Injury
Shock
Lightheadedness
Tingling Lips or Fingers
Trousseau's
Chvostek's Sign
Anxiety
2 mins
Metabolic Alkalosis Assessment
Signs and Symptoms
Increased pH > 7.45
Increased HCO3 > 26
Excitable State
Arrhythmias
Paresthesias
Muscle Cramps
Muscle Weakness
Decreased Respiratory Effort
1 min
Metabolic Alkalosis Interventions
Interventions
Treat Underlying Cause
Stop Potassium (K+) Wasting Diuretics
Spironolactone
Acetazolamide
IV Fluids
Sodium Chloride
Replace Potassium (K+)
Considerations
Monitor Respiratory Rate
Monitor Heart Rate
Seizure Precautions
2 mins
Metabolic Acidosis Interventions
Interventions
Raise Plasma pH > 7.20
Treat Underlying Cause
Sodium Bicarbonate
Considerations
Follow ABGs
Continuously Monitor Patient
2 mins
Respiratory Acidosis Interventions
Improve Respiration
Pharmacologic Interventions
Bronchodilators
Respiratory Stimulants
Drug Antagonists
Nonpharmacologic Interventions
Oxygen
Assisted Ventilation
Prevent Complications
1 min
Respiratory Acidosis Assessment
Assessment
Decreased pH < 7.35
Increased PaCO2 > 45
Reduced Respirations
Anxiety
Change in LOC
Tachycardia
Cyanosis
Increased Electrolytes
ECG Changes
Muscle Weakness
Hyporeflexia
2 mins
Metabolic Acidosis Assessment
Characteristics
Decreased pH < 7.35
Decreased HCO3 < 22
Signs & Symptoms
Abdominal Pain
CNS Depression
Coma
Hypotension
Arrhythmias
Increased Respirations
Kussmaul Respirations
Flushed, Warm, Dry Skin
Muscle Weakness
2 mins
Syndrome Of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Pathophysiology
Hypersecretion of ADH
Increased Sensitivity to ADH
Signs & Symptoms
Serum Hypoosmolality
Coma and Seizure
Dilutional Hyponatremia
Cramps and Tremors
Euvolemia
Change in LOC
2 mins
Morphine
Mechanism
Opioid Receptor Agonist
Indications
Pain
Myocardial Infarction
Side Effects
Nausea and Vomiting
CNS Depression
Biliary Colic
Constipation
Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Pupillary Constriction
Hypotension
2 mins
Naloxone (Narcan)
Mechanism
Competitive Opioid Receptor Antagonist
Indications
Opioid Induced CNS Depression
Side Effects
Severe Nausea and Vomiting
Excitable State
Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms
Considerations
Repeated Dosing Often Required
1 min
Oxycodone
Mechanism of Action
Opioid Receptor Agonist
Indication
Refractory Pain
Side Effects
Respiratory Depression
Constipation
CNS Depression
Considerations
Addiction
Naloxone
2 mins
Fentanyl
Mechanism of Action
Opioid Receptor Agonist
High Potency
Indications
Anesthesia Induction
Chronic Pain
Breakthrough Pain
Side Effects
CNS Depression
Respiratory Depression
Constipation
Miosis
Considerations
Addiction
3 mins
Codeine
Mechanism
Opioid Receptor Agonist
Indications
Mild to Moderate Pain
Cough Suppressant
Side Effects
Sedation
Constipation
Miosis
Considerations
Close Monitoring When Breast Feeding
Often Combined with Non-Opioids
2 mins
Acetaminophen
Indications
Fever
Pain
Mechanism of Action
Reversibly Inhibits COX
Acts Primarily in CNS
Side Effect
Hepatic Necrosis
N-acetylcysteine Antidote
51 secs
Acetaminophen Antidote
Antidote
N-Acetylcysteine
33 secs
Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
Mechanisms
NSAID
COX Inhibitor
Indications
General Pain
Fever
Inflammatory Conditions
Side Effects
GI Ulcers
Nephrotoxicity
Rash
Considerations
Avoid with Alcohol
Risk of Thrombotic Event
2 mins
NSAIDs
Indications
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Fever
Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Mechanism of Action
Reversible Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2
Block Prostaglandin Synthesis
Side Effects
Interstitial Nephritis
Gastric Ulcer
Renal Ischemia
1 min
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