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Advanced Pathophysiology Module 1
Cell Surface Proteins - B Cells
Ig
CD19
CD20
CD21
CD40
MHC II
B7
1 min
Neural Crest Derivatives
CA MOTEL ASS
Craniofacial Structures (skull)
Arachnoid and Pia Mater
Melanocytes
Odontoblasts
Tracheal Cartilage
Enterochromaffin (Adrenal Medulla)
Laryngeal Cartilage
All Ganglia
Schwann Cells
Spiral Septum (Aorticopulmonary Septum)
2 mins
Glycolysis
Characteristics
Glucose
Hexokinase or Glucokinase
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Acetyl-CoA
4 mins
Fructose Metabolism
Liver Fructose Metabolism
Fructose
Fructokinase
Fructose-1-Phosphate
Aldolase B
DHAP
Glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
2 mins
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Characteristics
Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate
Citric Acid
Isocitric Acid
Produces NADH
Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid
Produces NADH
Succinyl CoA
Produces GTP
Succinate
Produces FADH2
Fumarate
Uses Water
Malate
Produces NADH
Oxaloacetate
4 mins
Urea Cycle
Mitochondria
N-Acetylglutamate
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I
NH3 + CO2
Carbamoyl Phosphate
Ornithine Transcarbamylase
Citrulline
Cytosol
Aspartate
Argininosuccinate
Fumarate
Arginine
H2O to Urea
Ornithine
3 mins
Lipid Metabolism and Ketogenesis
Lipid Metabolism
Acetyl-CoA
Biotin Cofactor
Malonyl-CoA
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Glycerol
DHAP
Acetoacetyl-CoA
HMG-CoA
HMG-CoA Reductase
Mevalonate
Cholesterol
Ketogenesis
Acetoacetate
Beta-Hydroxybutyrate
4 mins
Gluconeogenesis
OVERVIEW
Produces Glucose from Non-Carbohydrate Substrates
Upregulated by Glucagon and Cortisol
PATHWAY
Pyruvate
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Oxaloacetate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxykinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glucose 6-phosphatase
Glucose
Clinical Relevance
Von Gierke Disease
4 mins
Energy Releasing Pathways: Accounting
Characteristics
Anaerobic Respiration
2 ATP
2 NADH
Aerobic Respiration
8 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
34 ATP
2 ATP Lost
36 Net Total ATP
2 mins
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Electron Transport Chain
Oxygen is Final Electron Acceptor
Proton Pump
Proton Motive Force
ATP Synthase
1 NADH 2.5 ATP
1 FADH2 1.5 ATP
3 mins
Anaerobic Respiration
Cytosol
Glucose
Glycolysis
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
2 NADH
2 Net ATP
2 Pyruvate
Fermentation
NAD+ Regeneration
Waste Byproduct
2 mins
Aerobic Respiration
Mitochondrial Matrix
2 Pyruvate
Pyruvate Decarboxylation
2 NADH
2 Acetyl-CoA
Krebs Cycle
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 Substrate Level ATPs
1 min
Nucleus
Characteristics
Transcription Factors
Nucleolus Transcribes rRNA
DNA
RNA
Nuclear Membrane is a Bilayer
Membrane is Continuous with Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus Surrounded by Cytosol
Nuclear Pores
2 mins
ABCDEs of Melanoma
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Evolving
1 min
Cancer Warning Signs (CAUTION)
CAUTION
Change in Bowel or Bladder Habits
A Sore That Does Not Heal
Unusual Bleeding or Discharge
Thickening or Lump in the Breast or Elsewhere
Dyspepsia (Indigestion)
Obvious Change to Warts or Moles
Nagging Cough
1 min
Types of Malignant Melanoma
Superficial Spreading
Most Common Cause of Melanoma
Nodular
Aggressive and Rapidly Arising
Acral-Lentiginous
Males
Asians and African Americans
Lentigo Maligna
Geographic Shape
Sun Exposed Areas
2 mins
Melanoma Mechanism and Characteristics
Mechanism
Associated with Sunlight Exposure
Mutation in B-RAF kinase
Large Number of Moles
Fair-Skinned People at Higher Risk
Growth Phases
Radial Growth Phase
No Metastasis
Vertical Growth Phase
Depth of Tumor Correlates with Risk of Metastasis
1 min
Melanoma Diagnosis
Signs
ABCDE Mnemonic
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color variation
Diameter > 6mm
Evolution over time
Diagnosis
S-100 Tumor Marker
LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) Screens for Metastasis
Treatment
Wide Local Excision
Adjuvant Therapy
1 min
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin
Epidemiology
2nd Most Common Skin Cancer
UV Light Exposure
Long-term Immunosuppression
Arsenic Exposure
Signs/Symptoms
Ulcerative Red Lesion
Precursor Actinic Keratosis
Commonly Lower Lip
Diagnosis
Biopsy shows Keratin Pearls
Treatment
Mohs Micrographic Surgery
2 mins
Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin
Pathophysiology
Most Common Skin Cancer
2/3 of Cases Due to UV Light Exposure
Pink, Pearl-like Lesions
Rolled Borders
Telangiectasias
Commonly Upper Lip
Diagnosis
Shave Biopsy
Pallisading Nuclei
Treatment
Mohs Micrographic Surgery
2 mins
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