Wendy Shared "week1 cell" - 27 Picmonics
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week1 cell
Cell Components
- Cell membrane separates inside and outside
- Nucleus stores DNA
- Rough ER has ribosomes making proteins
- Vesicles transport proteins to Golgi complex and out of the cell
- Golgi complex packages and transports molecules
- In animals, mitochondria produce ATP
- In plants chloroplasts create carbohydrates
- In Plants Mitochondria Consume Carbohydrates to Make ATP
- Smooth ER synthesizes lipids
- Lysosomes are used for recycling and apoptosis
- Vacuoles are used for storing waste and toxins
- Ribosomes produce protein
2 mins
Cells and the Nucleus
- Cells are the smallest unit of life
- Cells are the building blocks of all life
- The nucleus is the "brain" of the cell
- The nucleus holds DNA
1 min
Chromosome and DNA
- DNA is the blueprint for building an organism
- A chromosome is packed with DNA
- Chromosomes exist in pairs
- Humans have 23 chromosome pairs
- Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
1 min
Genes and Alleles
- A gene is a fragment of DNA that codes for a trait (hair color)
- An allele is a form of a gene that codes for a specific characteristic (brown hair)
- Half of a child's genes and alleles come from each parent
1 min
Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
- Description of Genotypes
- Homozygous has 2 of the same allele (AA or aa)
- Homozygous dominant is AA
- Homozygous Recessive is aa
- Heterozygous has 2 different alleles (Aa)
2 mins
Enzyme Types
- Characteristics
- Lyases
- Hydrolases
- Transferases
- Isomerases
- Oxidoreductases
- Ligases
1 min
Competitive Inhibition
- Reversible Inhibition
- Constant Vmax
- Substrate Competes With Inhibitor For The Active Site
- Inhibition Increases Km
1 min
Non-Competitive Inhibition
- Characteristics
- Reversible Inhibition
- Substrate Freely Binds The Active Site
- Inhibitor Strongly Binds Allosteric Site
- Km Constant
- Enzyme Has Different Conformational Form
- Low Vmax
2 mins
Cell Cycle Phases
- Characteristics
- G0 Phase
- Growth Arrest
- G1 Phase
- G1 Check By Rb And p53
- S Phase
- DNA Mismatch Repair
- DNA Synthesis
- G2 Phase
- G2 Check
- M Phase
- Mitosis And Cytokinesis
3 mins
Meiosis I
- Characteristics
- Prophase I
- Centrioles Migrate
- Spindle Apparatus Forms
- Nuclear Membrane Disintegrates
- Metaphase I
- Microtubules Extend from Centrioles Spindle
- Spindle Fibers Attach to Centromere
- Fused at Kinetochore
- Randomly Align at Metaphase Plate
- Anaphase I
- Spindle Microtubules from Centrioles Split Pairs
- Tetrad Splits into 2 Sister Chromatid Pairs
- Telophase I
- Cytokinesis Divides Cell
3 mins
Meiosis II
- Prophase II
- Centrioles Migrate
- Spindle Apparatus Forms
- Nuclear Membrane Disintegrates
- Metaphase II
- Sister Chromatids Align at Metaphase Plate
- Anaphase II
- Sister Chromatids Pulled Apart Into Two
- Telophase II
- Cytokinesis Divides Cells
- 4 Haploid Daughter Cells
2 mins
Oogenesis
- Characteristics
- Primary Oocytes From Birth
- Meiosis I Once a Month
- Secondary Oocyte Plus Polar Body
- Frozen in Metaphase II, in Meiosis II
- Ovulation
- Fertilization by Sperm
- Meiosis II
- Ovum
- Zygote Forms
2 mins
Spermatogenesis
- Seminiferous Tubules
- Sertoli Cells
- Spermatogonia
- Mitosis
- Primary Spermatocyte
- Meiosis I
- Secondary Spermatocyte
- Meiosis II
- Spermatid
- Spermatozoa
- Acrosome
- Flagellum
2 mins
Genotype vs. Phenotype
- Genotype is the genetic makeup
- Genotype is coded in DNA
- Genotype is shown as 2 letters that represent 2 alleles
- Genotype is the code for phenotype
- Phenotype is physical appearance of organism
1 min
Heredity
- Passing characteristics from parent to offspring
- Those characteristics can be similar to or different from parents
- Half of the genes come from the father
- Half of the genes come from mother
- Recessive characteristics not expressed in either parent can be expressed in a child
- Some phenotypes are more favorable than others in Natural Selection
2 mins
Dominant vs. Recessive
- Dominant allele dominates over recessive allele
- If both alleles are present the dominant phenotype is expressed
- The recessive phenotype is expressed only with two recessive alleles
- Examples of dominant characteristics are widow's peak, dark hair, and dark eyes
- Examples of recessive characteristics are straight hairline, light hair, and light eyes
2 mins
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
- Constant Allele and Genotype frequencies with no evolutionary forces
- Conditions for Equilibrium
- No selection
- Large population
- No migration
- Random mating
- No net mutations
55 secs
Hybrid Punnett Square
- Gregor Mendel
- Two Hybrid Parents Mate
- 3 children have the same phenotype
- 1 child has a different phenotype
1 min
Glycolysis
- Characteristics
- Glucose
- Hexokinase or Glucokinase
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- Fructose-6-phosphate
- Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- Aldolase
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
- 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- 3-phosphoglycerate
- 2-phosphoglycerate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
- Pyruvate Kinase
- Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
- Acetyl-CoA
4 mins
Fructose Metabolism
- Liver Fructose Metabolism
- Fructose
- Fructokinase
- Fructose-1-Phosphate
- Aldolase B
- DHAP
- Glyceraldehyde
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
2 mins
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