Pretoria Shared "Clin Med Neuro Exam" - 36 Picmonics
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Clin Med Neuro Exam
Cluster Headache
Presentation
More Common in Men
Unilateral Periorbital Headache
Ipsilateral Tearing
Precipitated by Alcohol
Stabbing Pain
Duration
15 min - 3 Hours
Repetitive Attacks in Clusters
Treatment
High Flow 100% O2
Ergots
Sumatriptan
2 mins
Migraine Headaches Signs and Symptoms
Signs and Symptoms
More Common in Women
Exacerbated by Activity
Unilateral Pulsating Pain
Aura
Photophobia and Phonophobia
Nausea/Vomiting
Duration
4 hours to 3 Days
1 min
Migraine Headache Treatments
Acute Treatment
Avoid Triggers
Sumatriptan
NSAIDs
Preventative Treatment
Beta Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Amitriptyline
Topiramate (Anticonvulsants)
1 min
Tension Headache
Presentation
More Common in Women
Bilateral Band-like Pain
Occipital and Neck region
Exacerbated by Stress
Exacerbated by Fatigue
Duration
> 30 Minutes
Acute Treatment
Relaxation
Caffeine
NSAIDs
Acetaminophen
Preventative Treatment
Amitriptyline
1 min
Huntington's Disease
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Trinucleotide Repeat
CAG Repeats
Chromosome 4
Anticipation
Caudate
Decrease of ACh
Decrease of GABA
Signs and Symptoms
Chorea
Dementia
Depression
Glutamate Toxicity
Neuronal Death via NMDA Binding
3 mins
Parkinson's Disease Assessment
Assessment
Decreased Dopamine
Older Adult
Cogwheel Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Shuffling Gait
Resting Tremor
Pill-Rolling
Mask-Like Face
Cognitive Decline
2 mins
Parkinson's Disease Interventions
Medications
Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
Entacapone (Comtan)
Selegiline (Eldepryl)
Amantadine (Symmetrel)
Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
Benztropine (Cogentin)
Considerations
Allow Extra Time
Ensure Patient Safety
Surgery As Last Resort
2 mins
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Assessment
Progressive Muscle Weakness
Systemic Muscle Wasting
Fasciculations
Spasticity
Fatigue
Considerations
Riluzole (Rilutek)
Stretching
Little to No Cognitive Decline
Respiratory Support
Palliative Care
2 mins
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Mechanism
Elderly
Idiopathic
Decreased Absorption of CSF
Ventricular Enlargement
Symptom Triad
Urinary Incontinence
Ataxia (Gait)
Cognitive Dysfunction
2 mins
Schwannoma
Characteristics
Acoustic Schwannoma
Cranial Nerve VIII
Cerebellopontine Angle
S100 Positive
Bilateral Schwannoma in Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Tinnitus
Cranial Nerve V
Affects Corneal Reflex
2 mins
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Most Common Malignant Primary Brain Tumor
Grade 4 Astrocytoma
Can Cross Corpus Callosum
Butterfly Glioma
Pseudo-palisading Tumor Cells
Areas of Necrosis and Hemorrhage
Stain Astrocytes for Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)
Grave Prognosis
2 mins
Meningioma
Epidemiology
Most Common Adult Primary Brain Tumor
pathology
Benign
Originate from Arachnoid Villi
Dural Attachment
Parasagittal
Clinical Manifestations
Contralateral Leg Weakness
Seizures
Diagnosis
Psammoma Bodies
Calcifications
Increased Bone Density
3 mins
Meningitis Assessment
Assessment
Nausea and Vomiting
Fever
Nuchal Rigidity
Severe Headache
Purpura
Seizures
Photophobia
Infants and Young Children
Opisthotonus Position
High-Pitched Cry
Bulging Fontanel
2 mins
Common Causes of Meningitis: Newborn (0-6 Months)
Group B Streptococci
E. coli
Listeria monocytogenes
1 min
Common Causes of Meningitis: Elderly (60+ Years Old)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-Negative Rods
Listeria Monocytogenes
56 secs
Delirium
Mechanism
Rapid Onset
Reversible
Assessment
Hallucinations
Decline in Cognition
Short Attention Span
Rapid Speech
Change in Activity Level
Mood Swings
2 mins
Causes of Dementia
Reversible Causes
Intoxication or Medications
Depression
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Metabolic Conditions
Irreversible Causes
Lewy Body Dementia
Prion Disease
Pick's Disease
AIDS Dementia
Alzheimer's Disease
Multi-infarct (Vascular) Dementia
2 mins
5 A's of Alzheimer's Disease
Agnosia
Anomia
Aphasia
Apraxia
Amnesia
1 min
Alzheimer's Disease Assessment (Early Symptoms)
Risk Factors
Advanced Age
Early Signs and Symptoms
Poor Judgment and Decision-Making
Difficulty Having a Conversation
Inability to Manage a Budget
Losing Track of the Date or Season
Misplacing Things
1 min
Alzheimer's Disease Assessment (Late Symptoms)
Late Signs and Symptoms
Memory Impairment
Wandering Behavior
Confabulation
Perseveration
Lack of Abstract Thinking
Severe Cognitive Decline
1 min
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