Morgan Shared "Exam 2" - 16 Picmonics
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Exam 2
Spermatogenesis
- Seminiferous Tubules
- Sertoli Cells
- Spermatogonia
- Mitosis
- Primary Spermatocyte
- Meiosis I
- Secondary Spermatocyte
- Meiosis II
- Spermatid
- Spermatozoa
- Acrosome
- Flagellum
2 mins
Clotting Overview
- Characteristics
- Endothelial Cells are Damaged
- Platelets Respond to Exposed Collagen and Stick
- Platelets Release Recruiting Factors
- More Platelets are Attracted
- Soluble Fibrinogen Turns to Insoluble Fibrin
- Fibrin Seals the Clot
- Clot Dissolves
- Liver Produces Clotting Factors
2 mins
Coagulation Cascade Overview
- Secondary Hemostasis
- Intrinsic Pathway
- Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
- Heparin
- Extrinsic Pathway
- Prothrombin Time (PT)
- Warfarin
- Common Pathway
- Thrombin
- Convert Fibrinogen to Fibrin
- Stabilizes the Platelet Plug
2 mins
Blood Types and Compatibilities
- ABO Compatibility
- No Antigens (Type O Blood)
- Universal Donor
- A Antigen (Type A Blood)
- B Antigen (Type B Blood)
- AB Antigen (Type AB Blood)
- Universal Recipient
- Rhesus (Rh) Compatibility
- Rh (Rhesus) Antigen
- Never Rh+ to Rh-
- Considerations
- Blood Transfusion
- Obstetric Patient
2 mins
Blood Types
- Allele A is Dominant
- Allele B is Dominant
- Allele O is Recessive
- Genotypes AA and AO have Type A Blood
- Genotypes BB and BO have Type B Blood
- Genotype AB is co-dominant and has Type AB Blood
- Genotype OO Results in Type O Blood
2 mins
High Blood Pressure Response
- Characteristics
- Atria Release Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- Vasodilation
- Antagonizes Aldosterone
- Na+ and Water Excreted
1 min
Low Blood Pressure Response
- Characteristics
- Posterior Pituitary Releases Vasopressin
- Vasoconstriction
- Adrenal Cortex Releases Aldosterone
- Increased Na+ and H2O Reabsorption
1 min
Blood Acid-Base Control
- Characteristics
- In a State of Acidemia
- Medullary Chemoreceptors Control Ventilation Rate
- Expulsion of CO2 through Lungs Increases pH
- Bicarbonate Reabsorption from the Kidney Increases pH
- Kidney Excretion of H+ Increases pH
2 mins
Ovulatory Hormones II - Luteal Phase
- Days 15-28
- Corpus Luteum
- Secretes Progesterone
- Negative Feedback inhibits FSH and LH
- No pregnancy forms Corpus Albicans
- Stops Estrogen Secretion
- Endometrial Sloughing - Menses
- GnRH secretion produces new follicular phase
2 mins
Ovulatory Hormones I - Follicular Phase
- Characteristics
- 0-14 Days
- GnRH Stimulates FSH and LH
- Follicle Secretes Estrogen
- Negative Feedback from Estrogen
- Increased Estrogen Leads to Positive Feedback
- FSH and LH Surge
- LH Spike Leads to Ovulation
2 mins
Filtration
- Filtration
- Glomerulus
- Creatinine Clearance
- Filtration Fraction
- Fractional Excretion
- Regulation
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Prostaglandins
- Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- Tubuloglomerular Feedback
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
3 mins
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) Regulators
- Activators
- Hypotension
- Hypovolemia
- Decreased NaCl Delivery to Macula Densa
- Sympathetic Stimuli
- Key Mediators
- Angiotensin II
- Aldosterone
- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Negative Feedback
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Brain Natriuretic Peptide
2 mins
Skeletal Muscle Contraction Initiation
- Somatic Motor Neuron Releases Acetylcholine
- Acetylcholine Causes Sodium Influx
- Cell Reaches All-or-Nothing Threshold
- Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Undergo Conformational Change
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Causes Calcium Flood
- Calcium Flood Enters Myofibrils
1 min
Erythropoietin
- Mechanism
- Stimulates RBC Production
- Indications
- Chronic Renal Failure
- Anemia
- Side Effects
- Increased Risk of Thrombosis
- Pelvic and Limb Pain
- Hypertension
- Considerations
- Do Not Shake
- Monitor Hemoglobin (Hgb) Weekly
- May Accelerate Tumor Progression
2 mins
Angiotensin II Synthesis
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
- Juxtaglomerular Cells
- Mesangial Cells
- Macula Densa
- Distal Tubule
- KEY MEDIATORS
- Angiotensinogen
- Secreted from Liver
- Renin
- Secreted from Juxtaglomerular Cells
- Catalyzes Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)
- Pulmonary Capillaries
- Catalyzes Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
3 mins
Oogenesis
- Characteristics
- Primary Oocytes From Birth
- Meiosis I Once a Month
- Secondary Oocyte Plus Polar Body
- Frozen in Metaphase II, in Meiosis II
- Ovulation
- Fertilization by Sperm
- Meiosis II
- Ovum
- Zygote Forms
2 mins
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