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Lauren Shared "Genetics Test 1" - 18 Picmonics

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Genetics Test 1

Fluorouracil (5-FU)
Mechanism
Antimetabolite
"Thymine-less Death"
Indications
Slow-growing Solid Tumors
Co-administered with Leucovorin for Stomach Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma (Topical)
Side Effects
Myelosuppression
Mucositis
Severe Diarrhea
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3 mins
Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
Indications
Solid Tumors
Lymphomas and Leukemias
Mechanism
Free Radical Production
Intercalates DNA
Prevents Double Helix from Sealing
Side Effect
Cardiotoxicity
Dexrazoxane Decreases Toxicity
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1 min
Chromosome Components
Characteristics
DNA
Histones
Nucleosomes
Chromatin
Chromosome
Telomere
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1 min
Eukaryotic Transcription Regulation
DNA Silencer Region
Transcription Factors bind Silencer Region
Decreased Transcription
Co-factors can deactivate factors
Co-factors can activate factors
DNA Enhancer Region
Transcription Factors bind Enhancer Region
Increased Transcription
Enhancer and Silencer regions can be far from Promoter
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2 mins
Nucleus
Characteristics
Transcription Factors
Nucleolus Transcribes rRNA
DNA
RNA
Nuclear Membrane is a Bilayer
Membrane is Continuous with Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus Surrounded by Cytosol
Nuclear Pores
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2 mins
RNA
Characteristics
mRNA
3' Poly A Tail
5' Cap
Template For Translation
rRNA
Catalyzes Amino Acid Bonds
Component of Ribosome Enzyme
tRNA
Anticodon Region
3' Tail Bind To Amino Acid
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2 mins
Codon Overview
Characteristics
mRNA Read In Three Nucleotide Chunks
AUG Is Start Codon
Matching tRNA Anticodon
Amino Acid Specific (To Codon)
AUG Codes For Methionine
UAA, UAG And UGA Are Termination Codons
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2 mins
Chromosome and DNA
DNA is the blueprint for building an organism
A chromosome is packed with DNA
Chromosomes exist in pairs
Humans have 23 chromosome pairs
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
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1 min
Chromosome Forms
Characteristics
Chromosome
Sister Chromatids
Homologous Recombination
Tetrad
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2 mins
DNA Base Pairing
Characteristics
3' End
5' End
Antiparallel Base Pairing
Complementary Strands Pair
Thymine And Adenine Pair
2 Hydrogen Bonds
Adenine and Uracil Pair in RNA
Guanine And Cytosine Pair
3 Hydrogen Bonds
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3 mins
DNA Replication
Characteristics
DNA Gyrase Uncoils Supercoil
Helicase Separated DNA Strand
Single-Strand Binding (SSB) Protein Keeps Strands Separated
DNA Polymerase Synthesizes New Strand
3' To 5' Reading
Primase Creates RNA Primer
Telomerase Caps DNA Ends
DNA Ligase Combines Okazaki Fragments
Okazaki Fragments On Lagging Strand
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4 mins
Translation: Initiation
Translation: Initiation
Ribosome Binds mRNA
Complex Reads 5' to 3'
AUG Start Codon
Initiation Complex Forms
GTP and Initiation Factor Bring Complex Together
Met-tRNA Binds P Site
tRNA With Bound Amino Acids Binds A Site
Amino Acid Chain Created in Elongation
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3 mins
Translation: Elongation & Termination
Translation: Elongation
Amino Acid Chain Is Created
New Amino Acid-tRNA Enters A Site
GTP and Elongation Factors Help tRNA Enter A Site
Peptide Chain Binds to New Amino Acid
Peptide Chain-tRNA Moves to P Site
Free tRNA in P Site Moves to E Site
Translation: Termination
Stop Codon at A Site Causes Termination
Release Factors Help Complex Disassociate
Complex Falls Apart
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3 mins
Transcription Overview
Initiation
RNA Polymerase Binds Promoter
Elongation
DNA Opens by Helicase
RNA Polymerase Reads 3' to 5'
Nucleotides Added to 3' End
Termination
Stem Loop Formation
Rho Protein Factor
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3 mins
Eukaryotic Post Transcriptional Modification
Modifications in Nucleus
mRNA Splicing
Introns Cut Out
Exons spliced together
Alternate Splicing
5' Cap added
3' Poly A tail added
Transported to Cytosol
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2 mins
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Adolescents or young adults
C-myc gene moves next to heavy chain Ig gene
T 8;14
Starry sky appearance
Sheets of lymphocytes with interspersed macrophages
Jaw lesion in endemic (African) form
Pelvis or abdomen in non endemic form (American form)
Associated with EBV
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2 mins
Beta Thalassemia
Mechanism
Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia
Mediterranean Populations
Decreased Beta-Globin
Beta-Thalassemia Minor
Increased HbA2
No Intervention
Beta-thalassemia Major
Blood Transfusions
Hemochromatosis
Crew-cut on Skull X-Ray
Diagnosis
Electrophoresis
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2 mins
Sickle Cell Anemia (Mechanism)
Intrinsic Normocytic Hemolytic Anemia
Point Mutation
Autosomal Recessive
African American
Dehydration or Decreased O2
Newborns Asymptomatic
Heterozygote Malarial Resistance
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2 mins

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