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Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Pathophysiology
Opening at Intraventricular Septum
Most Common Congenital Heart lesion
Symptoms
High-pitched Holosystolic Murmer (over left sternal border)
Dyspnea and Respiratory Distress
Loud Pulmonic S2
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Treatment
Small VSDs Close Spontaneously
Large VSDs Require Surgery
Complications
Endocarditis
Eisenmenger's Syndrome
CHF
2 mins
Types of Heart Failure
Left Sided
Pulmonary Congestion
Right Sided
Peripheral Edema
High Output
Unable to Meet Metabolic Needs
1 min
Right Heart Failure Assessment
Jugular Venous Distention (JVD)
Peripheral Edema
Hepatosplenomegaly
Nocturia
Weight Gain
Ascites
Fatigue
1 min
Postnatal Circulation
Infant Breathes
Decreased Pressure in Pulmonary Vasculature
Decreased Right Heart Pressure
Increased Left Atrial Pressure
Closes Foramen Ovale
Increased O2
Decreased Prostaglandins
Closed Ductus Arteriosus
Pharmacologic Intervention of Ductus Arteriosus
Open with Prostaglandins
Closed with Indomethacin
3 mins
Pharyngeal Arch Derivatives: 4-6 Arches
Cartilage
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoids
Corniculate
Cuneiform
Muscles
4th: Cricothyroid
4th: Pharyngeal Constrictors
6th: Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx
Nerves
4th: CN X (Vagus Nerve)
Superior Laryngeal Branch
6th: CN X (Vagus Nerve)
Recurrent Laryngeal Branch
2 mins
Pharyngeal Arch Derivatives: 3rd Arch
Cartilage
Greater Horn of Hyoid
Muscles
Stylopharyngeus
Nerves
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Arteries
Common Carotid
Internal Carotid
1 min
Pharyngeal Arch Derivatives: 2nd Arch
Cartilage
Reichert's Cartilage
Stapes
Styloid Process
Lesser Horn of Hyoid
Stylohyoid Ligament
Muscles
Muscles of Facial Expression
Stapedius
Stylohyoid
Platysma
Posterior Belly of Digastric
Nerves
CN VII
Conditions
Congenital Pharyngocutaneous Fistula
2 mins
Pharyngeal Arch Derivatives: 1st Arch
Cartilage
Meckel's Cartilage
Mandible
Malleus
Incus
Sphenomandibular Ligament
Muscles
Muscles of Mastication
Tensor Tympani
Tensor Veli Palatini
Anterior Belly of the Digastric
Mylohyoid
Nerves
CN V2
CN V3
Conditions
Treacher Collins Syndrome
3 mins
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
Common Arterial Trunk
Single Trunk Emerges from Both Ventricles
Symptoms
Cyanosis
Pulmonary Congestion
Heart Failure
Single S2 Sound
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Chest X-ray
Treatment
Early Surgical Correction
Avoids Pulmonary Hypertension
2 mins
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Continuous
Machine like murmur
Often Due to Congenital Rubella
Prematurity
1 min
Nitroglycerin
Indications
Pulmonary Edema
Angina
Mechanism of Action
Decreases Preload
Releases NO in Blood
Side Effects
Hypotension
Reflex Tachycardia
Flushing
Monday Disease
Contraindications
Viagra (Sildenafil)
2 mins
Neural Crest Derivatives
CA MOTEL ASS
Craniofacial Structures (skull)
Arachnoid and Pia Mater
Melanocytes
Odontoblasts
Tracheal Cartilage
Enterochromaffin (Adrenal Medulla)
Laryngeal Cartilage
All Ganglia
Schwann Cells
Spiral Septum (Aorticopulmonary Septum)
2 mins
Mitral Stenosis
Characteristics
Murmur Follows Opening Snap
Late Diastolic Murmur
Enhanced by Expiration
Low-Pitched Rumbling
Dilation of Left Atrium (LA)
Recurrent Attacks of Rheumatic Fever
2 mins
Left Heart Failure Assessment
Pulmonary Assessment
Pulmonary Congestion
Pink Frothy Sputum
Wheezing or Crackles
Dyspnea with Exertion
Cough
Systemic Assessment
Fatigue
Tachycardia
Weak Peripheral Pulse
S3, S4 Heart Sounds
1 min
Hydralazine
Indications
Reduce Afterload
Severe Hypertension
Safe during Pregnancy
CHF
Mechanism of Action
Increases cGMP
Vasodilates Arterioles
Side Effects
Drug-induced Lupus
Reflex Tachycardia
1 min
Heart Failure Interventions
Diagnostic Tests
Echocardiogram
Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring
Improve Gas Exchange
High Fowler's Position
Oxygen
Advanced Airway
Drugs and Devices
Diuretics
Beta Blockers
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
ACE Inhibitors
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Pacemaker
2 mins
Fetal Circulation
Placenta
Umbilical Vein
Ductus Venosus
Right Atrium
Foramen Ovale
Left Atrium
Aorta
Right Ventricle
Ductus Arteriosus
Umbilical Arteries
2 mins
Coronary Arteries
Aortic Root
Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
Right (Acute) Marginal Artery
Posterior Descending Artery (PDA)
Left Coronary Artery (LCA)
Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery
Circumflex Artery
Left Marginal Artery
1 min
Cardiac Cycle - Systole
Characteristics
AV Node
AV Node Conducts Signal to Bundle of His
Bundle of His Signals Purkinje Fibers to Contract Ventricles
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