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POM unit 2- renal
Nephritic Syndrome
Inflammatory
Hematuria
RBC casts
Increased Nitrogen in blood
Oliguria
Hypertension
Proteinuria < 3.5 grams per day
2 mins
Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Pathophysiology
Nephritic
Children
Signs and Symptoms
Edema
Cola Colored Urine
Follows Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis or Skin Infection
Diagnosis
Neutrophils
Immunofluorescence (IF) Granular
Lumpy Bumpy Appearance on Immunofluorescence (IF)
Subepithelial Immune Complex Humps
2 mins
Nephrotic Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Massive Proteinuria > 3.5g per Day
Edema
Increased risk of infection
Thromboembolism
Hyperlipidemia
Fatty casts
1 min
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Most Common Cause of Nephrotic Syndrome in Hispanic People and African Americans
Associated with Sickle Cell Disease and HIV
Associated Interferon Therapy and Heroin Abuse
Histopathology
LM Segmental Sclerosis and Hyalinosis
EM Focal Damage of Visceral Epithelial Cells
IF Negative
Signs & Symptoms
Microscopic Hematuria
Nonselective Proteinuria
Considerations
Poor Prognosis
2 mins
Acute Tubular Necrosis
ETIOLOGY
Ischemic Injury
Nephrotoxic Injury
HISTOLOGY
Granular Muddy Brown Casts
Signs & Symptoms
Intrinsic Renal Failure
Oliguric Phase
Metabolic Acidosis
Hyperkalemia
Increase in BUN and Creatinine
Polyuria Phase
Decrease in BUN and Creatinine
Hypokalemia
Treatment
Supportive Care
3 mins
Chronic Kidney Disease Early Symptoms Assessment
Characteristics
GFR < 60mL/min
Accumulation of Waste Products
Clinical Features
General Malaise
Hypertension
Proteinuria
Hyperkalemia
Mineral and Bone Disorders
Neuropathy
2 mins
Chronic Kidney Disease Late Symptoms Assessment
Metabolic Acidosis
Severe Uremia
Arrhythmias
Edema
CNS Depression
Anemia
Oliguria
Pruritus
Considerations
End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
GFR < 15mL/min
2 mins
Chronic Kidney Disease Interventions
Interventions
Daily Weights
Strict I/O
Renal Diet
Strict Medication Regimen
Erythropoietin
Manage Hyperkalemia
Manage CKD-MBD
Dialysis
Kidney Transplant
2 mins
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Characteristics
Autosomal Dominant
Mutations in PKD1/2
Cystic Enlargement of Renal Tubules
Clinical Features
Chronic Kidney Disease
Hypertension
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Hepatic Cysts
Berry (Saccular) Aneurysms
3 mins
Lupus (SLE) Nephritis
IF: Full House (C1, C3, IgGAM deposits), Hypogammaglobulinemia, Hypocomplementemia (C1, C4)
Hypersensitivity Type III
Proteinuria, Inc SCr
Anti-dsDNA
EM: Mesangial Deposits
Class I & II: Mesangial Deposits ONLY
Class III & IV: Capillary Wire Loops (50%) & Hyalin Thrombi
Subendothelial Immune Complexes on EM
Class V: Membranous Glomerulopathy
Class VI: Chronic Sclerosing Glomerulonephritis
Treatments
Prednisone
Cyclophosphamide
Mycophenolate mofetil
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) Symptoms
Upper Respiratory Tract
Saddle Nose
Perforation of Nasal Septum
Chronic Sinusitis
Otitis Media
Mastoiditis
Lower Respiratory Tract
Cough
Dyspnea
Hemoptysis
Kidney
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
Hematuria
RBC Casts
2 mins
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) Characteristics
Pathophysiology
Small Vessel Vasculitis
Necrotizing
Lungs and Upper Airway
Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
DIAGNOSTICS
c-ANCA
X-ray
Multiple Nodules in Lungs
Treatment
Cyclophosphamide
Corticosteroids
Rituximab
3 mins
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss Syndrome)
Pathophysiology
Granulomatous Vasculitis
Signs and Symptoms
Sinusitis
Skin Lesions
Peripheral Neuropathy
Asthma
GI Disease
Heart Disease
Kidney Failure
Diagnosis
Eosinophilia
p-ANCA
Treatment
Corticosteroids
4 mins
Microscopic Polyangiitis
Pathophysiology
Necrotizing Small Vessel Vasculitis
Signs and Symptoms
Lungs, Kidneys, and Skin Commonly Affected
Palpable Purpura
Rapidly Progressive Cresentic Glomerulonephritis
Diagnosis
Lesions are Same Age
Non-granulomatous
Minimal Nasopharyngeal Involvement
P-ANCA
Treatment
Corticosteroids
Cyclophosphamide
2 mins
Anti-glomerular Basement Membrane Antibodies
Glomerulonephritis
Goodpasture's Disease
Linear immunofluorescence
Hemoptysis
Hematuria
1 min
Uremia
Results from buildup of nitrogenous waste
Symptoms
Nausea and Anorexia
Platelet Dysfunction
Encephalopathy with Asterixis
Deposition of urea crystals in skin
Chronic renal failure causes and complications
Complications
CHF and Hypertension
Renal osteodystrophy
Normocytic Anemia
Hemorrhagic
Uremia
Chronic renal failure causes
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Mechanism, Treatment and Complications
Goodpasture Syndrome
Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Pulmonary Hemorrhage -> Respiratory Failure -> Death
anti-GBM antibodies = Ribbon-like
Treatment
Intubation
Assisted Ventilation
Hemodialysis
Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Rapid Shifts of Fluid and Electrolytes
Disequilibrium Syndrome
Hypotension
NO BP IN ARM with Shunt or Fistula
Assess for Thrill and Bruit
Peritoneal Dialysis
Slow Process
Peritonitis
Loss of Protein
Hyperglycemia
3 mins
Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury Diagnosis and Management
Diagnostic Findings
BUN:Creatinine Ratio > 20:1
Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENa) < 1%
Urine Osmolality > 500 mOsm/kg
Hyaline Casts
Management
Fluid Replacement
Monitor Renal Function
Diuretics
2 mins
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