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Week 1 Med-Surg
Child and Elder Physical Abuse Assessment
Physical Abuse
Inconsistent Injuries
Delay in Treatment
Various Stages of Healing
Child Abuse
Symmetrical Burns
Sexually Transmitted Infection
Bloody/Torn Undergarments
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Elder Abuse
Poor Hygiene
Overmedication
2 mins
Immobility
Assessment
Mobility Continuum
Complications
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Musculoskeletal
Integumentary
Gastrointestinal
Urinary
Considerations
Turn, Cough, Deep Breathe (TCDB)
Range of Motion (ROM)
Skin Care
Fluids
Balanced Diet
2 mins
Use of Restraints
Use Guidelines
During Emergency
Protecting From Harm
For Limited Time
Considerations
Last Resort
May Further Agitation
Frequent Observation
Obtain Order Within 1 Hour
Quick-Release Tie
2 mins
Inflammatory Response
Pathogens Infect Tissue
Mast Cells Release Histamine
Histamine Dilates and Increases Capillary Permeability
Macrophages Engulf Pathogens
Macrophage Signals Cells With Cytokines
Responding Neutrophils Cross Capillary Wall
B And T Lymphocytes Arrive At Injury Site
2 mins
WBC Differential Lab Value
White Blood Cells (WBC)
5-10 (5,000-10,000)
Leukocyte Differential
Neutrophils (50%-70%)
Bands (2%-5%)
Segs (50%-70%)
Lymphocytes (20%-40%)
Monocytes (4%-8%)
Eosinophils (2%-4%)
Basophils (0.5%-1.5%)
2 mins
Fever
Flushed skin, warm to touch
Chills
Sweating
Change in LOC
Provide adequate fluids
Monitor Electrolytes and Fluid
Monitor vital signs, esp temperature
Remove excess clothing and blankets
Sponge bath with tepid water
2 mins
NSAIDs
Indications
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Fever
Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Mechanism of Action
Reversible Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2
Block Prostaglandin Synthesis
Side Effects
Interstitial Nephritis
Gastric Ulcer
Renal Ischemia
1 min
Acetaminophen
Indications
Fever
Pain
Mechanism of Action
Reversibly Inhibits COX
Acts Primarily in CNS
Side Effect
Hepatic Necrosis
N-acetylcysteine Antidote
51 secs
R.I.C.E. (Treating Soft Tissue Injury)
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
1 min
Types of Wound Healing
Types of Wounds
Acute
Chronic
Healing Process
Primary Intention
Approximated Edges
Secondary Intention
Edges Not Approximated
Tertiary Intention
Delayed Closure due to Infection and Necrosis
2 mins
Pressure Ulcers
Risk Factors
Prolonged Immobilization
Neurologic Disease
Decreased Level of Consciousness
Classification
Stage 1: Intact Skin with Non-blanchable Erythema
Stage 2: Partial Thickness Skin Loss
Stage 3: Full-thickness Skin Loss without Fascial Involvement
Stage 4: Full-thickness Skin Loss with Fascial Involvement
Management
Wound Care
Surgery
Considerations
Septicemia
Osteomyelitis
Prevention
3 mins
Braden Scale
Characteristics
Sensory Perception
Moisture
Activity
Mobility
Nutrition
Friction and Shear
2 mins
Interventions for Impaired Skin Integrity
Assessment
Signs of Skin Breakdown
Pain
Redness
Decreased Skin Turgor
Bleeding
Bony Prominences
Intervention
Reposition Q2H
Pressure Relief
Maintain Clean and Dry Skin
Adequate Nutrition and Hydration
2 mins
Normal Electrolyte Lab Values
Potassium (K+)
3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
Calcium (Ca2+)
8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL
Phosphate (PO43–)
2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL
Magnesium (Mg2+)
1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
Sodium (Na+)
135 to 145 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl–)
95 to 105 mEq/L
2 mins
Conversions: Pounds and Kilograms
2.2 lb (pounds)
1 kg (kilogram)
Know Your Own Weight
37 secs
Hypernatremia
Assessment
> 145 mEq/L Na+
Change in LOC
Extreme Thirst
Orthostatic Hypotension
Dry Flushed Skin
Muscle Twitching
Seizures
Priority Interventions
Treat and Prevent Dehydration
Hypotonic Solutions (0.225% or 0.45% NaCl)
Sodium Restriction
Diuretics
2 mins
Hyponatremia
Assessment
< 135 mEq Na+
Nausea and Vomiting
Decreased LOC
Confusion / Lethargy
Seizures
Priority Interventions
Assess Airway
Reduce Diuretic Dosage
Fluid Excess Hyponatremia
Mannitol (Osmitrol)
Fluid Restriction
Fluid Deficit Hyponatremia
Hypertonic Solution (3% or 5% NaCl)
2 mins
Hypokalemia
Assessment
< 3.5 mEq/L
Muscle Weakness
Arrhythmia
U Wave
Ileus
Hyporeflexia
Interventions
IV K+ Infusion at 5-10 mEq/hr
Give Orally with Food
Nursing Considerations
Monitor Respiratory Status
3 mins
Hyperkalemia
Assessment
> 5.0 mEq/L K+
Abdominal Cramps
Muscle Weakness
Diarrhea
Arrhythmia
Tall, Peaked T Waves
Interventions
IV Calcium
Infusion of Glucose and Insulin
Loop or Thiazide Diuretics
Kayexalate
Dialysis
Prevention Education
2 mins
Hypocalcemia
Muscle Spasms
Assessment
< 8.5 mg/dL Ca2+
Decreased Bone Density
Tetany
Chvostek's Sign
Trousseau's Sign
Increased DTR
ECG Changes
QT Prolongation
Considerations
Oral and IV Replacement of Ca2+
Seizure Precautions
2 mins
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