Shiza Shared "Physio II Midterm" - 42 Picmonics
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Physio II Midterm
Renal Corpuscle
- LOCATION
- Cortex
- Characteristics
- Arterioles
- Glomerulus
- Capillaries
- Selective Filtration
- Plasma Solutes and Other Small Molecules Become Ultrafiltrate
- Bowman's Capsule Encapsulates Glomerulus
2 mins
Proximal Tubule
- Characteristics
- Na+ Reabsorbed Via Active Transport
- Water Follows Na+
- Most Of Glucose Reabsorbed
- Most Of Amino Acids Reabsorbed
- Bicarbonate Exchanged For H+
- Drugs and Toxins Excreted
- Filtrate Osmolarity Same As Plasma
- Leads To Loop Of Henle
2 mins
Loop of Henle
- Characteristics
- Descending Limb
- Water Follows Na+
- Medullary Hypertonicity
- Increased Water Reabsorption
- Vasa Recta
- Na+ Reabsorbed Via Active Transport
- Ascending Limb
- Reabsorbs Na+, K+, Cl-
- Decreased Concentration of Filtrate
- Impermeable to Water
- Distal Tubule
2 mins
Distal Tubule
- Characteristics
- Hormonally Regulated
- Aldosterone Causes Na+ Reabsorption
- Na+ Reabsorbed Via Active Transport
- Water follows Na+
- Early Distal Tubule is Impermeable to Water
- Parathyroid Hormone Causes Ca2+ Reabsorption
- Leads to Collecting Duct
2 mins
Collecting Duct
- Characteristics
- Na+ Reabsorption
- Vasopressin Causes Water reabsorption
- Concentrates Filtrate
2 mins
High Blood Pressure Response
- Characteristics
- Atria Release Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- Vasodilation
- Antagonizes Aldosterone
- Na+ and Water Excreted
1 min
Low Blood Pressure Response
- Characteristics
- Posterior Pituitary Releases Vasopressin
- Vasoconstriction
- Adrenal Cortex Releases Aldosterone
- Increased Na+ and H2O Reabsorption
1 min
Blood Acid-Base Control
- Characteristics
- In a State of Acidemia
- Medullary Chemoreceptors Control Ventilation Rate
- Expulsion of CO2 through Lungs Increases pH
- Bicarbonate Reabsorption from the Kidney Increases pH
- Kidney Excretion of H+ Increases pH
2 mins
Renal Clearance
- Characteristics
- Estimates the Volume of Plasma Completely Cleared of a Substance by the Kidneys Per Unit Time
- Creatinine Clearance Used to Estimate GFR
- Equation
- Cx = (Ux * V) / Px
- Variables
- Urine Concentration of Substance X (Ux)
- Times Urine Flow Rate (V)
- Over Plasma Concentration of Substance X (Px)
3 mins
Filtration
- Filtration
- Glomerulus
- Creatinine Clearance
- Filtration Fraction
- Fractional Excretion
- Regulation
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Prostaglandins
- Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- Tubuloglomerular Feedback
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
3 mins
Angiotensin II Synthesis
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
- Juxtaglomerular Cells
- Mesangial Cells
- Macula Densa
- Distal Tubule
- KEY MEDIATORS
- Angiotensinogen
- Secreted from Liver
- Renin
- Secreted from Juxtaglomerular Cells
- Catalyzes Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)
- Pulmonary Capillaries
- Catalyzes Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
3 mins
Angiotensin II Effects
- Effects On Vasculature
- Increases Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction
- Increases Blood Pressure
- Effects on Kidney
- Efferent Arteriole Vasoconstriction
- Increases GFR
- Proximal Tubule
- Sodium and Water Reabsorption
- Adrenal Cortex
- Increases Aldosterone Secretion
- Effects on CNS
- Stimulates Posterior Pituitary Gland to Secrete Vasopressin (ADH)
- Stimulates Thirst in Hypothalamus
2 mins
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) Regulators
- Activators
- Hypotension
- Hypovolemia
- Decreased NaCl Delivery to Macula Densa
- Sympathetic Stimuli
- Key Mediators
- Angiotensin II
- Aldosterone
- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Negative Feedback
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Brain Natriuretic Peptide
2 mins
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Secreted by I Cells
- Duodenum and Jejunum
- Physiology
- Increase Pancreatic Secretions
- Increase Gallbladder Contraction
- Induce Relaxation of Sphincter of Oddi
- Decrease Gastric Emptying
- Regulation
- Increased by Fatty Acids and Amino Acids
1 min
Somatostatin
- Secreted by D Cells
- Pancreas
- GI Tract
- Action
- Decrease Secretion of Gastric Acid and Pepsinogen
- Decrease Pancreatic and Small Intestine Fluid Secretion
- Decrease Gallbladder Contraction
- Decrease Glucagon and Insulin Secretion
- Regulation
- Secretion is Increased by Acid
- Secretion is Decreased by Vagal Stimulation
- Clinical Use
- Octreotide
- Carcinoid Syndrome
- Variceal Bleeds
2 mins
Bile
- Synthesis and Circulation
- Synthesized Continuously By Hepatocytes
- Cholesterol 7 Alpha-Hydroxylase Rate Limiting Step
- Stored In Gallbladder
- Secreted Into Duodenum
- Bile Salts Reabsorbed In Terminal Ileum
- Returned To Liver Via Portal Circulation
- Composition
- Bilirubin
- Bile Salts
- Cholesterol And Phospholipids
- Ions And Water
4 mins
GI Absorption
- Stomach
- Alcohol
- Duodenum
- Iron
- Jejunum
- Folate
- Terminal Ileum
- Vitamin B12
- Bile Resorption
1 min
Oral Cavity
- Characteristics
- Mouth
- Mechanical Digestion
- Salivary Amylase Begins Carbohydrate Breakdown
- Lingual Lipase Begins Lipid Breakdown
- Esophagus
- Bolus
- Peristalsis
1 min
Stomach Digestion
- Characteristics
- Chief Cells Secrete Pepsinogen
- Pepsinogen Turned to Pepsin By H+
- Protein Breakdown Begins
- Mucous Cells Secrete Mucus and Bicarbonate
- G Cells Secrete Gastrin
- Gastrin Stimulates Parietal Cell HCl Release
- Parietal Cells Secrete Intrinsic Factor
2 mins
Small Intestine Digestion
- Brush border enzymes
- Pancreatic Enzymes are secreted via a Duct
- Pancreas secretes bicarbonate
- Brush Border activates Pancreatic Trypsin
- Trypsin activates Chymotrypsin
- Trypsin and Chymotrypsin digest Proteins
- Gallbladder Releases Bile
- Pancreatic Lipase breaks down Lipids
- Goblet cells secrete mucus
- Pancreatic Amylase breaks down Carbohydrates
- Pancreatic Nucleases breakdown DNA/RNA
- Digestion occurs in the Duodenum
2 mins
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