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Shiza Shared "Physio II Midterm" - 42 Picmonics

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Physio II Midterm

Renal Corpuscle
LOCATION
Cortex
Characteristics
Arterioles
Glomerulus
Capillaries
Selective Filtration
Plasma Solutes and Other Small Molecules Become Ultrafiltrate
Bowman's Capsule Encapsulates Glomerulus
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2 mins
Proximal Tubule
Characteristics
Na+ Reabsorbed Via Active Transport
Water Follows Na+
Most Of Glucose Reabsorbed
Most Of Amino Acids Reabsorbed
Bicarbonate Exchanged For H+
Drugs and Toxins Excreted
Filtrate Osmolarity Same As Plasma
Leads To Loop Of Henle
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2 mins
Loop of Henle
Characteristics
Descending Limb
Water Follows Na+
Medullary Hypertonicity
Increased Water Reabsorption
Vasa Recta
Na+ Reabsorbed Via Active Transport
Ascending Limb
Reabsorbs Na+, K+, Cl-
Decreased Concentration of Filtrate
Impermeable to Water
Distal Tubule
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2 mins
Distal Tubule
Characteristics
Hormonally Regulated
Aldosterone Causes Na+ Reabsorption
Na+ Reabsorbed Via Active Transport
Water follows Na+
Early Distal Tubule is Impermeable to Water
Parathyroid Hormone Causes Ca2+ Reabsorption
Leads to Collecting Duct
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2 mins
Collecting Duct
Characteristics
Na+ Reabsorption
Vasopressin Causes Water reabsorption
Concentrates Filtrate
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2 mins
High Blood Pressure Response
Characteristics
Atria Release Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Vasodilation
Antagonizes Aldosterone
Na+ and Water Excreted
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1 min
Low Blood Pressure Response
Characteristics
Posterior Pituitary Releases Vasopressin
Vasoconstriction
Adrenal Cortex Releases Aldosterone
Increased Na+ and H2O Reabsorption
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1 min
Blood Acid-Base Control
Characteristics
In a State of Acidemia
Medullary Chemoreceptors Control Ventilation Rate
Expulsion of CO2 through Lungs Increases pH
Bicarbonate Reabsorption from the Kidney Increases pH
Kidney Excretion of H+ Increases pH
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2 mins
Renal Clearance
Characteristics
Estimates the Volume of Plasma Completely Cleared of a Substance by the Kidneys Per Unit Time
Creatinine Clearance Used to Estimate GFR
Equation
Cx = (Ux * V) / Px
Variables
Urine Concentration of Substance X (Ux)
Times Urine Flow Rate (V)
Over Plasma Concentration of Substance X (Px)
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3 mins
Filtration
Filtration
Glomerulus
Creatinine Clearance
Filtration Fraction
Fractional Excretion
Regulation
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Prostaglandins
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Tubuloglomerular Feedback
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Antidiuretic Hormone
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
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3 mins
Angiotensin II Synthesis
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Juxtaglomerular Cells
Mesangial Cells
Macula Densa
Distal Tubule
KEY MEDIATORS
Angiotensinogen
Secreted from Liver
Renin
Secreted from Juxtaglomerular Cells
Catalyzes Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)
Pulmonary Capillaries
Catalyzes Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
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3 mins
Angiotensin II Effects
Effects On Vasculature
Increases Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction
Increases Blood Pressure
Effects on Kidney
Efferent Arteriole Vasoconstriction
Increases GFR
Proximal Tubule
Sodium and Water Reabsorption
Adrenal Cortex
Increases Aldosterone Secretion
Effects on CNS
Stimulates Posterior Pituitary Gland to Secrete Vasopressin (ADH)
Stimulates Thirst in Hypothalamus
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2 mins
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) Regulators
Activators
Hypotension
Hypovolemia
Decreased NaCl Delivery to Macula Densa
Sympathetic Stimuli
Key Mediators
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic Hormone
Negative Feedback
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Brain Natriuretic Peptide
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2 mins
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secreted by I Cells
Duodenum and Jejunum
Physiology
Increase Pancreatic Secretions
Increase Gallbladder Contraction
Induce Relaxation of Sphincter of Oddi
Decrease Gastric Emptying
Regulation
Increased by Fatty Acids and Amino Acids
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1 min
Somatostatin
Secreted by D Cells
Pancreas
GI Tract
Action
Decrease Secretion of Gastric Acid and Pepsinogen
Decrease Pancreatic and Small Intestine Fluid Secretion
Decrease Gallbladder Contraction
Decrease Glucagon and Insulin Secretion
Regulation
Secretion is Increased by Acid
Secretion is Decreased by Vagal Stimulation
Clinical Use
Octreotide
Carcinoid Syndrome
Variceal Bleeds
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2 mins
Bile
Synthesis and Circulation
Synthesized Continuously By Hepatocytes
Cholesterol 7 Alpha-Hydroxylase Rate Limiting Step
Stored In Gallbladder
Secreted Into Duodenum
Bile Salts Reabsorbed In Terminal Ileum
Returned To Liver Via Portal Circulation
Composition
Bilirubin
Bile Salts
Cholesterol And Phospholipids
Ions And Water
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4 mins
GI Absorption
Stomach
Alcohol
Duodenum
Iron
Jejunum
Folate
Terminal Ileum
Vitamin B12
Bile Resorption
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1 min
Oral Cavity
Characteristics
Mouth
Mechanical Digestion
Salivary Amylase Begins Carbohydrate Breakdown
Lingual Lipase Begins Lipid Breakdown
Esophagus
Bolus
Peristalsis
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1 min
Stomach Digestion
Characteristics
Chief Cells Secrete Pepsinogen
Pepsinogen Turned to Pepsin By H+
Protein Breakdown Begins
Mucous Cells Secrete Mucus and Bicarbonate
G Cells Secrete Gastrin
Gastrin Stimulates Parietal Cell HCl Release
Parietal Cells Secrete Intrinsic Factor
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2 mins
Small Intestine Digestion
Brush border enzymes
Pancreatic Enzymes are secreted via a Duct
Pancreas secretes bicarbonate
Brush Border activates Pancreatic Trypsin
Trypsin activates Chymotrypsin
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin digest Proteins
Gallbladder Releases Bile
Pancreatic Lipase breaks down Lipids
Goblet cells secrete mucus
Pancreatic Amylase breaks down Carbohydrates
Pancreatic Nucleases breakdown DNA/RNA
Digestion occurs in the Duodenum
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2 mins

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