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Jennifer Shared "Clinical Chemistry" - 75 Picmonics

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Clinical Chemistry

Enzyme Types
Characteristics
Lyases
Hydrolases
Transferases
Isomerases
Oxidoreductases
Ligases
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1 min
Competitive Inhibition
Reversible Inhibition
Constant Vmax
Substrate Competes With Inhibitor For The Active Site
Inhibition Increases Km
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1 min
Non-Competitive Inhibition
Characteristics
Reversible Inhibition
Substrate Freely Binds The Active Site
Inhibitor Strongly Binds Allosteric Site
Km Constant
Enzyme Has Different Conformational Form
Low Vmax
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2 mins
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Characteristics
Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate
Citric Acid
Isocitric Acid
Produces NADH
Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid
Produces NADH
Succinyl CoA
Produces GTP
Succinate
Produces FADH2
Fumarate
Uses Water
Malate
Produces NADH
Oxaloacetate
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4 mins
Urea Cycle
Mitochondria
N-Acetylglutamate
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I
NH3 + CO2
Carbamoyl Phosphate
Ornithine Transcarbamylase
Citrulline
Cytosol
Aspartate
Argininosuccinate
Fumarate
Arginine
H2O to Urea
Ornithine
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3 mins
Fructose Metabolism
Liver Fructose Metabolism
Fructose
Fructokinase
Fructose-1-Phosphate
Aldolase B
DHAP
Glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
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2 mins
Glycolysis
Characteristics
Glucose
Hexokinase or Glucokinase
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Acetyl-CoA
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4 mins
Gluconeogenesis
OVERVIEW
Produces Glucose from Non-Carbohydrate Substrates
Upregulated by Glucagon and Cortisol
PATHWAY
Pyruvate
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Oxaloacetate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxykinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glucose 6-phosphatase
Glucose
Clinical Relevance
Von Gierke Disease
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4 mins
Lipoprotein Functions
Chylomicron
Carries Dietary TGs to Peripheral Tissues
VLDL
Carries Hepatic TGs to Peripheral Tissue
IDL
Carries TGs and Cholesterol to Liver
LDL
Carries Hepatic Cholesterol to Peripheral Tissues
HDL
Returns Excess Cholesterol from Peripheral Tissues to Liver
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2 mins
Essential Fructosuria
Autosomal Recessive
Defect in fructokinase
Fructose to fructose 1-P
Benign
Fructose appears in blood and urine
Fructose does not enter cells
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54 secs
Fructose Intolerance
Pathophysiology
Deficiency of Aldolase B
Fructose 1-P To DHAP And GA
Accumulation Of Fructose-1-Phosphate
Inhibition Of Glycogenolysis
Inhibition Of Gluconeogenesis
Clinical Features
Hypoglycemia
Vomiting
Jaundice
Cirrhosis
Autosomal Recessive
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2 mins
Classic Galactosemia
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Recessive
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase is Absent (GALT)
Impaired Galactose-1-P to UDP-Galactose
Galactitol Accumulation in Lens
Signs and Symptoms
Infantile Cataracts
Failure to Thrive
Hepatomegaly
Jaundice
Intellectual Disability
Increased Risk E. Coli Sepsis
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2 mins
Galactokinase Deficiency
Autosomal Recessive
Galactose to Galactose 1P
Galactose Appears in Blood and Urine
Benign
Infantile Cataracts
Failure to Develop a Social Smile
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2 mins
Alkaptonuria
Autosomal Recessive
Deficiency of homogentisic acid oxidase
In degradative pathway of tyrosine to fumarate
Homogentisic acid harmful to cartilage
Arthritis
Dark Connective Tissue
Urine turns black on standing
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1 min
Hartnup Disease
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Recessive
Neutral amino acids
Defective Transporter
Renal and Intestinal cells
Signs and Symptoms
Causes tryptophan excretion in urine
Leads to Pellagra
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
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2 mins
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Pathophysiology
Decreased Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
Decreased Tetrahydrobiopterin Cofactor
Autosomal Recessive
Tyrosine Becomes Essential
Phenylalanine Found in Nutrasweet
Symptoms
Musty or Mousy Body Odor
Growth Retardation
Seizures
Intellectual Disability
Hypopigmentation
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2 mins
Maternal Phenylketonuria
Pathophysiology
Lack of Proper Diet During Pregnancy; Like NutraSweet
Signs and Symptoms
Congenital Heart Defects
Growth Retardation
Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation)
Microcephaly
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2 mins
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Pathophysiology
Defect in alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase
Blocked degradation of branched chain amino acids
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Signs and Symptoms
Seizures
Intellectual Disability
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1 min
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Characteristics
X-Linked
Acquired from Thiamine Deficiency
Backup of Alanine and Pyruvate
Symptoms and Complications
Neurologic Defects
Lactic Acidosis
Interventions
Ketogenic Nutrients
Lysine and Leucine (Ketogenic Nutrients)
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2 mins
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency
Pathophysiology
Most Common Urea Cycle Disorder
X-Linked Recessive
Signs and Symptoms
Hyperammonemia
Decreased BUN
Carbamoyl Phosphate is Converted to Orotic Acid
Pyrimidine Synthesis Pathway
Evident in Babies
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3 mins

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Jennifer Shared Clinical Chemistry - 75 Picmonics