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Neuro
Huntington's Disease
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Trinucleotide Repeat
CAG Repeats
Chromosome 4
Anticipation
Caudate
Decrease of ACh
Decrease of GABA
Signs and Symptoms
Chorea
Dementia
Depression
Glutamate Toxicity
Neuronal Death via NMDA Binding
3 mins
Sturge Weber Syndrome
Pathophysiology
GNAQ Gene
Signs and Symptoms
Port Wine Stain
Arterial Venous Malformation
Leptomeningeal Angiomas
Intellectual Disability
Seizures
Pheochromocytoma
Glaucoma
Tram-Track Calcifications
3 mins
Cluster Headache
Presentation
More Common in Men
Unilateral Periorbital Headache
Ipsilateral Tearing
Precipitated by Alcohol
Stabbing Pain
Duration
15 min - 3 Hours
Repetitive Attacks in Clusters
Treatment
High Flow 100% O2
Ergots
Sumatriptan
2 mins
Tension Headache
Presentation
More Common in Women
Bilateral Band-like Pain
Occipital and Neck region
Exacerbated by Stress
Exacerbated by Fatigue
Duration
> 30 Minutes
Acute Treatment
Relaxation
Caffeine
NSAIDs
Acetaminophen
Preventative Treatment
Amitriptyline
1 min
Migraine Headache Treatments
Acute Treatment
Avoid Triggers
Sumatriptan
NSAIDs
Preventative Treatment
Beta Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Amitriptyline
Topiramate (Anticonvulsants)
1 min
Tuberous Sclerosis
Characteristics
Autosomal Dominant
Signs and Symptoms
Hamartomas in CNS and Skin
Phakoma
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma
Seizures
Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation)
Adenoma Sebaceum
Shagreen Patch
Ash-leaf Spots
Renal Angiomyolipoma
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma
2 mins
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Chromosome 17
Signs and Symptoms
Neurofibromas
Optic Glioma
Lisch Nodules
Hamartomas
Cafe Au Lait Spots
Scoliosis
Pheochromocytoma
4 mins
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Pathophysiology
Autosomal-Dominant
Chromosome 22
Signs and Symptoms
Vestibular Schwannoma
Meningioma
Ependymoma
Cafe Au Lait Spots
Cataracts
2 mins
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Pathophysiology
Chromosome 3
Presentation
Hemangioblastomas
Medulla, Retina, Cerebellum
Cysts
Kidney, Liver, Pancreas
Develop Bilateral Renal Carcinomas
Pheochromocytomas
2 mins
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Most Common Malignant Primary Brain Tumor
Grade 4 Astrocytoma
Can Cross Corpus Callosum
Butterfly Glioma
Pseudo-palisading Tumor Cells
Areas of Necrosis and Hemorrhage
Stain Astrocytes for Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)
Grave Prognosis
2 mins
Meningioma
Epidemiology
Most Common Adult Primary Brain Tumor
pathology
Benign
Originate from Arachnoid Villi
Dural Attachment
Parasagittal
Clinical Manifestations
Contralateral Leg Weakness
Seizures
Diagnosis
Psammoma Bodies
Calcifications
Increased Bone Density
3 mins
Schwannoma
Characteristics
Acoustic Schwannoma
Cranial Nerve VIII
Cerebellopontine Angle
S100 Positive
Bilateral Schwannoma in Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Tinnitus
Cranial Nerve V
Affects Corneal Reflex
2 mins
Oligodendroglioma
Slow growing tumor
Frontal lobe
Chicken Wire Pattern
Fried egg appearance
Calcifications
32 secs
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Occurs Most Commonly in Kids
Posterior Fossa
Cerebellum
Well Circumscribed
GFAP
Rosenthal Fibers
Eosinophilic Corkscrew Fibers
1 min
Medulloblastoma
Pathophysiology
Occurs in Children
Cerebellum
Fourth Ventricle
Diagnosis
Small Blue Cells
Lots of Mitotic Figures
Homer Wright Rosettes
Signs and Symptoms
Hydrocephalus
Ataxia
Wide-based Gait
Treatment
Radiosensitive
2 mins
Ependymoma
Occur in Children
Fourth Ventricle
Hydrocephalus
Perivascular Pseudorosettes
Rod Shaped Blepharoplasts
Cauda Equina in Adults
Poor Prognosis
Neurofibromatosis Type II
2 mins
Craniopharyngioma
Hypopituitarism
Remnants of Rathke's Pouch
Tooth-enamel Like Calcification
Cholesterol Crystals
Yellow Viscous Fluid
Headache
Bitemporal Hemianopsia
1 min
Pinealoma
Pathophysiology
Melatonin
Superior Colliculi
Obstructs Cerebral Aqueduct
Signs and Symptoms
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Vomiting
Parinaud's Syndrome
Paralysis of Upward Gaze
Setting Sun Sign
Increased Beta-hCG
Precocious Puberty
2 mins
Propylthiouracil (PTU) and Methimazole (MMI)
Indications
Hyperthyroidism
Mechanism
Inhibits Thyroid Peroxidase
PTU Blocks Peripheral Conversion of T4 to T3
Side Effects
Agranulocytosis
Skin Rash
Hepatotoxicity (PTU)
Teratogen (MMI)
1 min
MEN 1 (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Menin Mutation (Tumor Suppression Gene)
Chromosome 11
Signs and Symptoms
Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
Pituitary Tumors
Parathyroid Adenomas
2 mins
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