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Renal Part 2
Casts in Urine (Differential Diagnosis)
Characteristics
RBC Casts
Glomerular Disease
WBC Casts
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Acute Pyelonephritis
Fatty Casts
Maltese Cross Sign
Nephrotic Syndrome
Granular Muddy Brown Casts
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
Waxy Casts
End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) (Chronic Renal Failure)
Hyaline Casts
Non-Specific
2 mins
Respiratory Alkalosis
Hyperventilation
High Altitude
Aspirin
Restrictive Lung Disease
Pulmonary Embolism
Pregnancy
Progesterone
Rib Fracture
Anxiety
2 mins
Respiratory Acidosis
Hypoventilation
Increased PaCO2 > 45
Barbiturates Depress Central Respiratory Center of Brain
Opioids Depress Central Respiratory Center of the Brain
Airway Obstruction
Respiratory Muscle Weakness/Paralysis
3 mins
Metabolic Alkalosis
Diuretic use
Vomiting
Antacid
Hyperaldosteronism
26 secs
Metabolic Alkalosis Interventions
Interventions
Treat Underlying Cause
Stop Potassium (K+) Wasting Diuretics
Spironolactone
Acetazolamide
IV Fluids
Sodium Chloride
Replace Potassium (K+)
Considerations
Monitor Respiratory Rate
Monitor Heart Rate
Seizure Precautions
2 mins
Normal Gap Metabolic Acidosis
HARD-ASS
Hyperalimentation
Addison's Disease
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Diarrhea
Acetazolamide
Spironolactone
Saline Infusion
2 mins
Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Pathophysiology
Increased Anion Gap
MUDPILES
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Propylene Glycol
Isoniazid or Iron
Lactic Acid
Ethylene Glycol
Salicylates
1 min
Dialysis
Hemodialysis
Rapid Shifts of Fluid and Electrolytes
Disequilibrium Syndrome
Hypotension
NO BP IN ARM with Shunt or Fistula
Assess for Thrill and Bruit
Peritoneal Dialysis
Slow Process
Peritonitis
Loss of Protein
Hyperglycemia
3 mins
Indications for Urgent Dialysis (AEIOU)
Signs and Symptoms
AEIOU Mnemonic
Acidosis
pH < 7.1
Electrolyte Imbalances
Symptomatic Hyperkalemia
> 6.5 mEq/L
Ingestion
Overload (Volume)
Uremia
Encephalitis
Pericarditis
2 mins
Acute Tubular Necrosis
ETIOLOGY
Ischemic Injury
Nephrotoxic Injury
HISTOLOGY
Granular Muddy Brown Casts
Signs & Symptoms
Intrinsic Renal Failure
Oliguric Phase
Metabolic Acidosis
Hyperkalemia
Increase in BUN and Creatinine
Polyuria Phase
Decrease in BUN and Creatinine
Hypokalemia
Treatment
Supportive Care
3 mins
Functional Incontinence
Symptoms
Increased Urinary Volume
Unable to Timely Urinate
Pathophysiology
Dementia
Excessive Alcohol Consumption
Immobility
Treatment
Scheduled Voiding
1 min
Urge Incontinence
Symptoms
Strong Urge To Void
Unable To Void Quickly Enough
Nocturia
Increased Frequency
Small Volume Voids
Pathophysiology
Increased Detrusor Muscle Activity
Treatment
Avoid Caffeine & Alcohol
Anticholinergics
Mirabegron
Botox
Sacral Neuromodulation
2 mins
Overflow Incontinence
Symptoms
Increased Residual Urine Volume
Involuntary Urine Dribble
Urinary Frequency
Pathophysiology
Nerve Lesions Cause Bladder Atony
Bladder Outlet Obstruction
Weak Detrusor Muscles
Treatment
Bethanechol
Catheterization
Sacral Neuromodulation
2 mins
Stress Incontinence
Symptoms
Urine Leak with Movement
Cough or Sneeze
Increased Intra-abdominal pressure
Pathophysiology
Laxity of Pelvic Floor Muscles
Urethral Sphincter Insufficiency
Treatment
Kegel Exercises
Pessaries
Alpha-adrenergic Agonists
Surgery
Associations
History of Vaginal Birth
Cystocele
2 mins
Nephrolithiasis Stone Types (Part 1/2)
Calcium Oxalate
Calcium Oxalate
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Ethylene Glycol
Vitamin C
"Dumbbell", Bipyramidal, or Octahedral-shaped
Radiopaque
Uric Acid
Uric Acid
Gout
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Rhomboidal, Rosette, or Needle-shaped
Radiolucent
Decreased Urine pH
2 mins
Nephrolithiasis Stone Types (Part 2/2)
Struvite
Struvite (Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate)
Urinary Tract Infections
"Coffin Lid" Appearance
Radiopaque
Increased Urine pH
Calcium Phosphate
Calcium Phosphate
Hypercalcemia
Wedge-shaped Prisms
Radiopaque
Increased Urine pH
2 mins
Renal Oncocytoma
Characteristics
Benign Epithelial Tumor
Central Radial Scar
Excessive Mitochondria
Renal Cortex
Clinical Features
Hematuria
Flank Pain
Abdominal Mass
Considerations
Malignant Transformation
Surgical Resection
2 mins
Renal Cell Carcinoma Characteristics
Pathophysiology
Chromosome 3
VHL Gene
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Risk Factors
Smoking
Nephrolithiasis
Chronic Analgesic Use
Subtypes
Clear Cell
Papillary
Chromophobic
2 mins
Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
Cause
Malignant Renal Tumor
Assessment
Abdominal Mass
Hematuria
Fever
Hypertension
Interventions
Nephrectomy
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Considerations
Do Not Palpate Abdomen
Children Under 5 Years Old
2 mins
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder Clinical Features
Risk Factors
Smoking
Chronic Cystitis
Schistosoma
Chronic Nephrolithiasis
Clinical Findings
Painless Hematuria
Urinary Frequency and Urgency
1 min
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