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Rachel Shared "Patho Final" - 101 Picmonics

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Patho Final

Primary Hypertension Risk Factors
Excessive Alcohol Consumption
High Sodium Diet
Dyslipidemia
Obesity
People of African Descent
Advanced Age
Vitamin D Deficiency
Reduced Nephron Number
Diabetes
Lack of Physical Activity
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2 mins
Blood Pressure Classification (JNC 7)
Classifications
Normal
Systolic (<120)
Diastolic (< 80)
Prehypertension
Systolic +20 (120-139)
Diastolic +10 (80-89)
Stage 1 Hypertension
Systolic +20 (140-159)
Diastolic +10 (90-99)
Stage 2 Hypertension
Systolic + > 20 (160)
Diastolic + > 10 (100)
Hypertensive Crisis
Systolic > 180
Diastolic > 110
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4 mins
Blood Pressure Classification (ACC/AHA 2017)
Classifications
Normal
Systolic Less than 120
Diastolic Less than 80
Elevated
Systolic +10 (120-129)
Diastolic Less than 80
Stage 1 Hypertension
Systolic +10 (130-139)
Diastolic +10 (80-89)
Stage 2 Hypertension
Systolic +40 (140-179)
Diastolic +30 (90-119)
Hypertensive Crisis
Systolic greater than or equal to 180
Diastolic greater than or equal to 120
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5 mins
Hypertension Assessment
Mechanism
Essential Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
Assessment
Headache
Vision Changes
Nosebleed (Epistaxis)
Chest Pain
Syncope (Fainting)
Diagnosis
Average 2 Sets, 2 Minutes Apart
After 2 or More Visits (within 1-4 weeks)
Nursing Considerations
Take BP Both Arms
Common in African Americans
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2 mins
Hypertension Intervention
Lifestyle Modifications
Weight Reduction and Exercise
Diet Changes
Relaxation Techniques
Smoking Cessation
Medications
Encourage Self Monitoring
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1 min
Hypertension Medications
Diuretics
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Beta Blockers
Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers
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2 mins
Supine Hypotension (Vena Cava Syndrome)
Mechanism
Compression of the Vena Cava and Descending Aorta
Signs and Symptoms
Hypotension
Dizziness
Tachycardia
Decreased Renal Perfusion
Decreased Uteroplacental Perfusion
Intervention
Side-lying Position
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2 mins
Cardiovascular Effects of Beta-Blockers
Cardiac Myocytes and Vasculature
Decrease cAMP
Decreases SA and AV Node Conduction Velocity
Lower Blood Pressure
Decrease O2 Consumption
Decreases Mortality Post-MI
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2 mins
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Mechanism
Atherosclerosis
Assessment
Intermittent Claudication
Pain with Exercise
Paresthesias
Arterial Ulcers
Critical Limb Ischemia
Amputation
Consideration
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
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2 mins
Arterial Ulcer Assessment
Absent or Decreased Pulses
Intermittent Claudication
Sharp Pain
Dependent Rubor
Well Defined Edges
Over Bony Areas
Smooth, Shiny Skin
Toes, Heels, Lateral Lower Legs
Cool
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2 mins
Arterial Ulcer Interventions
Saline Dressing
Structured Exercise Programs
Fibrinolytics
Antiplatelet Medication
No Caffeine, Nicotine
Surgery
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1 min
Chronic Venous Insufficiency (Venous Stasis Ulcer) Assessment
Venous Stasis Ulcer
Uneven Edges
Dull Persistent Pain
Medial Malleolus
Necrotic
Normal Pulses
Lower Leg Edema
Bronze-Brown Pigmentation
Warm
Pruritus
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2 mins
Chronic Venous Insufficiency (Venous Stasis Ulcer) Interventions
Frequently Elevate Legs
Avoid Standing/Sitting for Long Periods of Time
Elastic Compression Stockings
Bilayer Artificial Skin
Daflon
Wound Dressings
Proper Foot and Leg Care
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2 mins
Superficial Thrombophlebitis
Cause/Mechanism
IV Catheter Irritation
Assessment
Erythema
Cord-like Vein
Edema
Interventions
Remove IV Catheter
Elevate
Warm Compress
Considerations
Rotate Sites Q3 Days
Aseptic Technique
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2 mins
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) Assessment
Mechanism
Atherosclerosis
Assessment
Bruit
Pulsation in Abdomen
Abdominal or Lower Back Pain
Tearing Pain
Diagnosis
Ultrasound
Considerations
Rupture
Shock
Surgical Repair
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1 min
Sickle Cell Anemia Assessment
Cause/Mechanism
Hemoglobin S (Genetic Defect)
Sickle Shaped RBCs
Assessment
Jaundice
Vaso Occlusive Crisis
Fever
Priapism
Severe Pain
Considerations
Prominent in African Americans
May be Asymptomatic
Increased Risk of Infection
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2 mins
Sickle Cell Anemia Interventions
Interventions
Increase Hydration
Analgesics
Oxygen
Warm Compress
Bone Marrow Transplant
Hydroxyurea
Considerations
Avoid High Altitudes
Prophylactic Antibiotics
Avoid Strenuous Exercise
Vaccines
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3 mins
Venous Thromboembolism (DVT) Assessment
Mechanism
Venous Wall Inflammation caused by Thrombus
Assessment
Tenderness
Edema
Warmth
Asymmetry
Considerations
Could be Asymptomatic
Monitor for Pulmonary Embolism
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58 secs
Venous Thromboembolism (DVT) Interventions
Anticoagulants
Prevention Education
Frequent Ambulation
Leg Exercises
Compression Stockings or SCD's
Avoid Nicotine and Oral Contraceptives
Surgery
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1 min
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin Has Four Iron Hemes
Lots Of Hemoglobin In Red Blood Cells
High O2 Levels Increase O2 Binding
High Temperature Reduces O2 Binding
High CO2 Levels Reduce O2 Binding
Low pH Reduces O2 Binding
Myoglobin Binds Oxygen in Muscle
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2 mins

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