Ashley Shared "ASHLEY NERVOUS/ENDOCRINE TEST" - 59 Picmonics
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ASHLEY NERVOUS/ENDOCRINE TEST
MULTIPLE CHOICE NEUROSYSTEM TEST
- TEST
- Multipolar
- Schwann cells
- The rapid movement of sodium ions into the cell followed by potassium ions moving out of the cell, with the movement being repeated along the length of the neuron
- Synaptic cleft
- Potassium ions
- Neurons
- Dendrite
- Sensory neurons
- Schwann cells
- The inside of the cell being negative
- Extracellular Ca++ enters the nerve cell.
- Synaptic knob
- They produce the myelin sheath.
- Their cell bodies are located in the central nervous system
- These movements are known as depolarisation and repolarisation.
- Synaptic cleft
- O2
- Neuron
- Dendrite
- Multipolar
- To prevent movement of ions through the nerve cell membrane
- Motor
- The movement of Na+ across the cell membrane into the cell, followed by the movement of K+ out of the cell
- The axon
- Multipolar
- Na+ ions moving into the cell
- In the spinal cord
- When the resting potential changes from −70 mV to +30 mV and then back again
- The place where signal transmission between a nerve cell and the cell it is stimulating occurs
- Has many dendrites attached to the cell body.
- It travels away from the cell body along the axon.
- Include ependymal cells, astrocytes and satellite cells
- Dendrites, cell body, axon
- Multipolar
- Na+ move into cell then K+ move out
- Synaptic cleft
- They carry incoming impulses to the cell body.
- Unipolar
- Schwann cells
- Na+ rushes into the cell followed by K+ rushing out.
- Dendrite attached to the cell body
- Action potential
- Axons, blood vessels, connective tissue, Schwann cells
- Myelinated, large diameter fibres
- It is an all or none response
- An action potential cannot be initiated during this period regardless of the strength of the stimulus.
- No stimulus will produce an action potential.
- Na+ would leak out of the axon leaving too few ions to stimulate the Na channels at the next node to open
- By keeping unequal concentrations of various ions on each side of the cell membrane
- It is “saltatory”, so propagates at higher speed.
- The inside of the cell is negative with respect to the outside
- Sodium channels opening to allow Na+ to flow in
- It is triggered by anions crossing the cell membrane.
- A stimulus, which is above the threshold level, is applied to a receptor
- −70 mV, stimulus above the threshold, Na+ move into cell, depolarisation to +35 mV, K+ move out of cell, repolarisation to −70 mV
- Repolarisation
- Horizontal and amacrine cells of the retina are anaxonic neurons.
- Bipolar neurons are found in the retina of the eye.
- Most sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system are unipolar.
- All motor neurones that control skeletal muscles are multipolar.
- The axon
- All motor neurons are multipolar
- Schwann cells
- It allows rapid impulse transmission by saltatory conduction
- A graded potential
- Calcium enters the synaptic knob which causes a neurotransmitter to be released.
- Precentral gyrus
- Sensory information
- The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system
- The sympathetic division
- Spinal reflex
- Some organs are innervated by both sympathetic division and parasympathetic divisio
- Peripheral nervous system
- The axons carrying these impulses pass through the ventral root of the spinal nerves
- They do not involve processing by the brain
- The sympathetic division prepares the body for vigorous exercise or emergency situations.
- Central and peripheral
- The autonomic nervous system
- Spinothalamic tracts
- The vagus nerves
- Starts in a ganglion and runs to the effector organ
- They all release ACh as a neurotransmitter.
- Bind epinephrine and norepinephrine
- To pass a nerve impulse onto another cell
- The phrenic nerve
- Afferent division; efferent division
- ACh is released by all sympathetic division postganglionic fibres.
- The peripheral nervous system
- ACh
- Skeletal muscle
- Nicotinic
- Stimulates sweating from sweat glands
- Efferent, peripheral nervous system
- Conserving energy and maintaining body activities without conscious brain control
- Nicotinic receptors
- Presynaptic membrane and the synaptic cleft
- It is a predictable, unlearned and involuntary motor response.
- Synapses with an effector cell and releases acetylcholine (ACh)
- Sympathetic
- Somatic nervous system
- Acetylcholine
- Acetylcholine
- Autonomic nervous system
- It has receptors for a neurotransmitter.
- It carries parasympathetic motor impulses.
- It promotes the conservation of the body’s energy
- A spinal reflex does not involve processing in the brain.
- Acetylcholine is released at the synapse.
- The type of receptor on the cell
- Vagus
- Nicotinic receptor
- All somatic motor neurons release ACh at their synapse.
- Motor division and sensory division
- Presynaptic membrane and the synaptic cleft
- It is a predictable, unlearned and involuntary motor response.
- Nicotinic
- Endocrine communication controls cellular activities in distant tissues, whereas synaptic communication affects the adjacent cell.
- Constriction of skeletal muscle blood vessels and vasodilation of renal blood vessels
- Graded potentials
- Transmit both sensory and motor information
- Action potentials
- Transmit motor information
- The hypothalamus
- In brain death, the brainstem doesn’t respond to stimuli.
- These reflexes are enhanced as the dead brain no longer exerts a partial suppression to these reflexes
- Leg extension
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic
- They do not involve processing by the brain.
- The impulses flow mainly along the vagus nerves.
- The midbrain
- Cerebellum, cerebrum, spinal cord, diencephalon, brainstem
- Epidural, dura, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia
- Spinothalamic tract
- Precentral gyrus
- It produces the rigidly programmed, automatic behaviours necessary for survival.
- The epidural space
- Occipital
- The BBB prevents fluctuations of hormone and ion concentrations in blood from affecting the brain.
- Diencephalon
- In the hypothalamus
- Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum
- The lateral ventricles and the thalamus
- Precentral gyrus
- Relaying visual and auditory information to the cerebral cortex
- In the medulla oblongata
- Dura mater
- Pharmaceuticals
- Cerebrum
- Diencephalon
- Cerebellum
- It extends from the foramen magnum to L1–L2
- Between the arachnoid mater and the brain
- Metabolic wastes, toxins, K+
- The brainstem
- The postcentral gyrus houses the primary motor cortex.
- It is an ascending pathway that carries sensory information.
- The dorsal root of the spinal nerve that carries sensory fibres.
- It is the endothelial cells of capillaries that supply the brain and their astrocytes
- The superficial part consisting of sulci and gyri.
- It is the site of motor function and is in the frontal lobe.
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- They are white matter and they transmit sensory information to the brain.
- Medulla oblongata
- Quadriplegia
- The tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries that serve the brain
- Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
- It refines/adjusts learned motor movements so that they are performed smoothly.
- White matter and transmit motor commands
- Cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebrum
- Alma mater
- Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
- The cerebellum
- Grey matter contains the cell bodies of nerve cells; white matter contains axons.
- Cerebra mater
- Cerebral cortex
- They allow conscious control of skilled voluntary muscle movements.
- It is the autonomic control centre which directs the function of the lower CNS.
- External to the dura mater
- Brainstem
- Cell bodies of motor neurons
- Neurotransmitters, bacteria and neurotoxins
- The primary motor cortex
- White matter and transmit sensory information
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Adipose tissue
- Making conscious decisions
- Decussation = crossover. It occurs between the pons and the spinal cord.
- Motor and sensory
- Only afferent nerves
- Anaesthetic in this space only affects spinal nerves in the immediate vicinity of the injection.
- Frontal and parietal
- Vision
- The ability to assess the consequence of actions would be impaired.
- It is a relay centre.
- Connects two cerebral hemispheres
- To produce hormones
- It interprets the meaning of sound patterns
- Selectively inhibits many substances from passing from the bloodstream into the brain
- Allows access to administer analgesia and anaesthesia
- Is unable to prevent entry of lipid-soluble toxins into the brain
- They contain motor neurons carrying efferent impulses.
- Reticular formation
- Epidural mater
- Blood capillary walls that are selectively permeable
- Lobes
- Pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata
- Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, posterior pituitary gland
- Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula
- Temporal
- The corpus callosum
- It is the emotional or affective part of the brain.
- It receives and integrates all incoming sensory input.
- To process visual and auditory sensations
questions
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question 2
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question 3
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questions 7
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question 9
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question 10
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question 11
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q 12
37 secs
What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
30 secs
q 14
25 secs
q 15
53 secs
q 16
45 secs
q 17
47 secs
q 19
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q 20
22 secs
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