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Ashley Shared "ASHLEY NERVOUS/ENDOCRINE TEST" - 59 Picmonics

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ASHLEY NERVOUS/ENDOCRINE TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE NEUROSYSTEM TEST
TEST
Multipolar
Schwann cells
The rapid movement of sodium ions into the cell followed by potassium ions moving out of the cell, with the movement being repeated along the length of the neuron
Synaptic cleft
Potassium ions
Neurons
Dendrite
Sensory neurons
Schwann cells
The inside of the cell being negative
Extracellular Ca++ enters the nerve cell.
Synaptic knob
They produce the myelin sheath.
Their cell bodies are located in the central nervous system
These movements are known as depolarisation and repolarisation.
Synaptic cleft
O2
Neuron
Dendrite
Multipolar
To prevent movement of ions through the nerve cell membrane
Motor
The movement of Na+ across the cell membrane into the cell, followed by the movement of K+ out of the cell
The axon
Multipolar
Na+ ions moving into the cell
In the spinal cord
When the resting potential changes from −70 mV to +30 mV and then back again
The place where signal transmission between a nerve cell and the cell it is stimulating occurs
Has many dendrites attached to the cell body.
It travels away from the cell body along the axon.
Include ependymal cells, astrocytes and satellite cells
Dendrites, cell body, axon
Multipolar
Na+ move into cell then K+ move out
Synaptic cleft
They carry incoming impulses to the cell body.
Unipolar
Schwann cells
Na+ rushes into the cell followed by K+ rushing out.
Dendrite attached to the cell body
Action potential
Axons, blood vessels, connective tissue, Schwann cells
Myelinated, large diameter fibres
It is an all or none response
An action potential cannot be initiated during this period regardless of the strength of the stimulus.
No stimulus will produce an action potential.
Na+ would leak out of the axon leaving too few ions to stimulate the Na channels at the next node to open
By keeping unequal concentrations of various ions on each side of the cell membrane
It is “saltatory”, so propagates at higher speed.
The inside of the cell is negative with respect to the outside
Sodium channels opening to allow Na+ to flow in
It is triggered by anions crossing the cell membrane.
A stimulus, which is above the threshold level, is applied to a receptor
−70 mV, stimulus above the threshold, Na+ move into cell, depolarisation to +35 mV, K+ move out of cell, repolarisation to −70 mV
Repolarisation
Horizontal and amacrine cells of the retina are anaxonic neurons.
Bipolar neurons are found in the retina of the eye.
Most sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system are unipolar.
All motor neurones that control skeletal muscles are multipolar.
The axon
All motor neurons are multipolar
Schwann cells
It allows rapid impulse transmission by saltatory conduction
A graded potential
Calcium enters the synaptic knob which causes a neurotransmitter to be released.
Precentral gyrus
Sensory information
The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system
The sympathetic division
Spinal reflex
Some organs are innervated by both sympathetic division and parasympathetic divisio
Peripheral nervous system
The axons carrying these impulses pass through the ventral root of the spinal nerves
They do not involve processing by the brain
The sympathetic division prepares the body for vigorous exercise or emergency situations.
Central and peripheral
The autonomic nervous system
Spinothalamic tracts
The vagus nerves
Starts in a ganglion and runs to the effector organ
They all release ACh as a neurotransmitter.
Bind epinephrine and norepinephrine
To pass a nerve impulse onto another cell
The phrenic nerve
Afferent division; efferent division
ACh is released by all sympathetic division postganglionic fibres.
The peripheral nervous system
ACh
Skeletal muscle
Nicotinic
Stimulates sweating from sweat glands
Efferent, peripheral nervous system
Conserving energy and maintaining body activities without conscious brain control
Nicotinic receptors
Presynaptic membrane and the synaptic cleft
It is a predictable, unlearned and involuntary motor response.
Synapses with an effector cell and releases acetylcholine (ACh)
Sympathetic
Somatic nervous system
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
Autonomic nervous system
It has receptors for a neurotransmitter.
It carries parasympathetic motor impulses.
It promotes the conservation of the body’s energy
A spinal reflex does not involve processing in the brain.
Acetylcholine is released at the synapse.
The type of receptor on the cell
Vagus
Nicotinic receptor
All somatic motor neurons release ACh at their synapse.
Motor division and sensory division
Presynaptic membrane and the synaptic cleft
It is a predictable, unlearned and involuntary motor response.
Nicotinic
Endocrine communication controls cellular activities in distant tissues, whereas synaptic communication affects the adjacent cell.
Constriction of skeletal muscle blood vessels and vasodilation of renal blood vessels
Graded potentials
Transmit both sensory and motor information
Action potentials
Transmit motor information
The hypothalamus
In brain death, the brainstem doesn’t respond to stimuli.
These reflexes are enhanced as the dead brain no longer exerts a partial suppression to these reflexes
Leg extension
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
They do not involve processing by the brain.
The impulses flow mainly along the vagus nerves.
The midbrain
Cerebellum, cerebrum, spinal cord, diencephalon, brainstem
Epidural, dura, arachnoid, subarachnoid, pia
Spinothalamic tract
Precentral gyrus
It produces the rigidly programmed, automatic behaviours necessary for survival.
The epidural space
Occipital
The BBB prevents fluctuations of hormone and ion concentrations in blood from affecting the brain.
Diencephalon
In the hypothalamus
Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum
The lateral ventricles and the thalamus
Precentral gyrus
Relaying visual and auditory information to the cerebral cortex
In the medulla oblongata
Dura mater
Pharmaceuticals
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
It extends from the foramen magnum to L1–L2
Between the arachnoid mater and the brain
Metabolic wastes, toxins, K+
The brainstem
The postcentral gyrus houses the primary motor cortex.
It is an ascending pathway that carries sensory information.
The dorsal root of the spinal nerve that carries sensory fibres.
It is the endothelial cells of capillaries that supply the brain and their astrocytes
The superficial part consisting of sulci and gyri.
It is the site of motor function and is in the frontal lobe.
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
They are white matter and they transmit sensory information to the brain.
Medulla oblongata
Quadriplegia
The tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries that serve the brain
Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
It refines/adjusts learned motor movements so that they are performed smoothly.
White matter and transmit motor commands
Cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebrum
Alma mater
Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
The cerebellum
Grey matter contains the cell bodies of nerve cells; white matter contains axons.
Cerebra mater
Cerebral cortex
They allow conscious control of skilled voluntary muscle movements.
It is the autonomic control centre which directs the function of the lower CNS.
External to the dura mater
Brainstem
Cell bodies of motor neurons
Neurotransmitters, bacteria and neurotoxins
The primary motor cortex
White matter and transmit sensory information
Cerebrospinal fluid
Adipose tissue
Making conscious decisions
Decussation = crossover. It occurs between the pons and the spinal cord.
Motor and sensory
Only afferent nerves
Anaesthetic in this space only affects spinal nerves in the immediate vicinity of the injection.
Frontal and parietal
Vision
The ability to assess the consequence of actions would be impaired.
It is a relay centre.
Connects two cerebral hemispheres
To produce hormones
It interprets the meaning of sound patterns
Selectively inhibits many substances from passing from the bloodstream into the brain
Allows access to administer analgesia and anaesthesia
Is unable to prevent entry of lipid-soluble toxins into the brain
They contain motor neurons carrying efferent impulses.
Reticular formation
Epidural mater
Blood capillary walls that are selectively permeable
Lobes
Pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata
Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, posterior pituitary gland
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula
Temporal
The corpus callosum
It is the emotional or affective part of the brain.
It receives and integrates all incoming sensory input.
To process visual and auditory sensations
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What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
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