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PPOM 1 Comp 2
Syringomyelia
Characteristics
Cystic Cavity in Central Canal
Chiari Malformations
Trauma
Clinical Features
Cape-like Symptoms
Loss of Pain Sensation
Loss of Temperature
Muscle Weakness
Horner Syndrome
Diagnosis
MRI
Management
Supportive Care
Surgery
2 mins
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Acute Loss of Lumbar Plexus Function
Surgical Emergency
Saddle Anesthesia
Causes
Inflammatory Disorders
Spinal Stenosis
Trauma
Lesions
Symptoms
Urinary and Fecal Incontinence
Sciatica
Diagnosis
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Clinical
1 min
Type I Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Pathophysiology
Lower Motor Neuron Disease
SMN1 Mutation
Degeneration of Anterior Horn Cells
Autosomal Recessive
Clinical Features
Symmetric Flaccid Paralysis
Hypotonia
Bulbar Palsy
Extraocular Muscle Sparing
Respiratory Failure
Diagnosis
Genetic Testing
Treatment
Supportive Therapy
Nusinersen
3 mins
Poliomyelitis
Characteristics
Poliovirus
Picornavirus
Fecal-Oral Transmission
Destruction of Anterior Horn
Clinical Features
Flaccid Paralysis
Hyporeflexia
Fasciculations
Diagnosis
Elevated CSF Lymphocytes and Proteins
Normal CSF Glucose
Viral Culture or PCR
Management
Supportive Care
Vaccination
3 mins
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Assessment
Progressive Muscle Weakness
Systemic Muscle Wasting
Fasciculations
Spasticity
Fatigue
Considerations
Riluzole (Rilutek)
Stretching
Little to No Cognitive Decline
Respiratory Support
Palliative Care
2 mins
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Cause/Mechanism
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Assessment
Linear, Unilateral Rash Along a Dermatome
Pruritus
Postherpetic Neuralgia
Interventions
Acyclovir
Analgesics
Gabapentin
Considerations
Contagious Vesicles
Shingrix
3 mins
Herniated Disc (Nucleus Pulposus)
Cause/Mechanism
Spine Trauma
Natural Degeneration
Spinal Stenosis
Assessment
Pain
Weakness
Urinary and Fecal Incontinence
Interventions
Brace
Medications
Outpatient Procedures
Surgery
2 mins
Charcot Marie Tooth Disease
Pathophysiology
Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy
Autosomal Dominant
PMP22 Duplication
Schwann Cell Dysfunction
Clinical Features
Distal Muscle Weakness
Foot Drop
Calf Muscle Atrophy
Scoliosis
Hammertoes
Pes Cavus
Diagnosis
Onion-skin Appearance on Nerve Biopsy
Electrodiagnostic Studies
5 mins
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Mechanism
Autoimmune Exocrine Gland Destruction
Symptoms (Classic Triad)
Xerostomia
Xerophthalmia
Arthritis
Diagnosis
Anti SS-B (La)
Anti SS-A (Ro)
Schirmer's Test
Salivary Gland Biopsy
Treatment
Symptomatic Treatment
Complications
Lymphoma
Other
Sicca Syndrome
4 mins
Compartment Syndrome Assessment
Mechanism
Trauma
Increased Pressure
Compressed Nerves and Blood Vessels
Assessment
1 or more of 6 P's
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
Considerations
May take Days to develop
Early Detection
Ischemia
Damage often Irreversible
2 mins
Guillain-Barre Syndrome Assessment
Assessment
Ascending Paralysis
Muscle Weakness
Paresthesias (Pins and Needles)
Diplopia
Difficulty Speaking
Dysphagia
Labile Blood Pressure
Loss of Bowel and Bladder Control
Considerations
Aggressive Airway Management
2 mins
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Mechanism and Deficiency
Mechanism
Cobalamin
Large reserve pool in the liver
Homocysteine to methionine
Methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
Deficiency Signs and Symptoms
Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia
Hypersegmented Neutrophils
Neurologic defects
Posterior column
Lateral corticospinal tract
Spinocerebellar tract
5 mins
Myasthenia Gravis
Mechanism
Antibodies to Acetylcholine Receptor
Symptoms
Ptosis
Diplopia
Weakness with Muscle Use
Respiratory Death
Thymus Associated
Treatment
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Plasmapheresis
Thymectomy
1 min
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
Mechanism
Autoantibody to the Presynaptic Calcium Channel on Motor Neurons
Inhibits Acetylcholine (ACh) Release at Neuromuscular Junction
Paraneoplastic Syndrome
Small Cell Lung Cancer
Symptoms
Proximal Muscle Weakness
Improves with Muscle Use
Autonomic Symptoms
Extraocular Muscle Sparing
2 mins
Clostridium botulinum
Characteristics
Bacillus
Gram-positive
Anaerobe
Spore-forming
Heat Labile Toxin
Inhibits Acetylcholine (Ach) Release at Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
Canned Food in Adults
Spores in Honey
Signs and Symptoms
Descending Flaccid Paralysis
Diplopia
Ptosis
Floppy Baby
Constipation
2 mins
Mycobacterium leprae
Characteristics
Acid-Fast
Aerobic
Likes Cool Temperature
Diagnosis by Skin Biopsy or PCR
Lepromatous Leprosy
Th2 Response
Leonine Facies
Tuberculoid Leprosy
TH1 Response
Hypoesthetic Skin Plaques
Granulomatous Response
Treatment
Dapsone
Rifampin
Clofazimine
2 mins
Polymyositis / Dermatomyositis Disease
Pathophysiology
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy
More Common in Women
Endomysial Inflammation with CD8+ Cells (Polymyositis)
Perimysial Inflammation with CD4+ Cells (Dermatomyositis)
Signs and Symptoms (Both)
Symmetric Proximal Muscle Weakness
Dysphagia
Lung and Cardiac Involvement
Signs and Symptoms (Dermatomyositis)
Malar Rash
Shawl-like Shoulder Rash
Gottron Papules on Knuckles
Heliotrope Rash
3 mins
Muscular Dystrophy
Mechanism
X-linked Recessive
Signs and Symptoms
Muscle Weakness
Motor Problems
Gower Sign
Large Calves
Waddling Gait
Loss of Ambulation
Consideration
Cardiac and Respiratory Failure
2 mins
Myotonic Dystrophy
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Trinucleotide Repeat
CTG
Signs and Symptoms
Facial Muscle Weakness
Frontal Balding
Sustained Grip
Conduction Defects
Cataracts
Selective Atrophy of Type 1 Fibers
Testicular Atrophy
2 mins
Lidocaine
Mechanism
Blocks Na+ Channels
Indications
Ventricular Arrhythmia
Anesthetic
Side Effects
Paresthesias
Seizures
Respiratory Depression
Drowsiness
Consideration
Anesthetic Effects Extended with Epinephrine
1 min
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