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Jace Shared "Exam 4" - 50 Picmonics

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Exam 4

COPD Overview (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overview)
Causes
Inhaled Toxins
Smoking
AAT Deficiency
Assessment
Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
Asthma
Considerations
Spirometry
Slow Progression
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2 mins
Emphysema
Clinical Features
Pink Puffer
Exhale through Pursed Lips
Barrel Chest
Pathophysiology
Obstructive Lung Disease
Increased Lung Compliance
Types
Centriacinar
Panacinar
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2 mins
Obstructive Lung Disease
Blocked Airflow
Increased residual volume
V/Q Mismatch
Decreased forced vital capacity (FVC)
Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
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51 secs
Chronic Bronchitis
Pathophysiology
Chronic Inflammation of Bronchi
Signs and Symptoms
Early-Onset Cyanosis
Blue Bloaters
Productive Cough
Wheezing
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Late-Onset Dyspnea
Crackles
Diagnosis
Reid Index > 50%
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2 mins
Chronic Bronchitis Interventions
Tripod Position
Humidified Oxygen
Pursed Lip Breathing
Increase Fluid Intake
ABGs
Early Detection of Exacerbation
Considerations
Lowest O2 Therapy
Assisted Ventilation
Increased Infection Risk
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2 mins
Bronchiectasis
Obstructive Lung Disease
Chronic Necrotizing Infection
Permanent Airway Dilation
Poor Ciliary Motility
Kartagener's Syndrome
Cystic Fibrosis
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Hemoptysis
Increased Sputum
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2 mins
Asthma
Obstructive lung disease
Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness
History of Atopic Disease
Beta2 agonists
Corticosteroids
Curschmann's spirals
Hypertrophy of smooth muscle
Reversible
Charcot Leyden crystals
Methacholine challenge
Wheezing
Cough
Initially decreased PaCO2
Pulsus paradoxus
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2 mins
Stages of Asthma Treatments
Mild Intermittent
Short-acting Inhaled Beta-Agonist
Mild Persistent
Low-Dose Inhaled Corticosteroid
Montelukast (Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist)
Moderate Persistent
Low to Medium-dose Inhaled Corticosteroid
Zileuton
Severe Persistent
High-Dose Inhaled Corticosteroid
Systemic Corticosteroids
Omalizumab (Allergies)
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2 mins
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Characteristics
Obstruction of Superior Vena Cava
Tumor
Thrombosis
Clinical Features
Upper Extremity and Facial Edema
Venous Engorgement over Upper Extremity, Face, and Chest
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Management
Treat Underlying Disorders
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2 mins
Pancoast Tumor
Characteristics
Apical Lung Tumor
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Clinical Features
Axillary or Shoulder Pain
Hoarseness
Horner Syndrome
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Sensorimotor Deficits
Hemidiaphragm Paralysis
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1 min
Mesothelioma
Characteristics
Malignant Pleural Tumor
Asbestos Exposure
Presentation
Dyspnea
Decreased Breath Sounds
Constitutional B Symptoms
Diagnosis 
Hemorrhagic Pleural Effusion
Pleural Thickening
Psammoma Bodies
Calretinin
Interventions
Surgery
Chemotherapy
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2 mins
Bronchial Carcinoid Tumor
Characteristics
Excellent Prognosis
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of Bronchial Obstruction
Often Asymptomatic
Carcinoid Syndrome
Diarrhea
Wheezing
Flushing
Diagnosis
5-HIAA in Urine
Nests of Neuroendocrine Cells
Chromogranin A Positive
Treatment
Surgical Resection
Octreotide for Symptomatic Relief
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2 mins
Large Cell Carcinoma
Characteristics
Strong Correlation with Smoking
Poor Prognosis
Peripheral Lesions
Symptoms
Gynecomastia
Galactorrhea
Diagnosis
Anaplastic Cells
Pleomorphic Giant Cells
May Produce Beta hCG
Diagnosis of Exclusion
Treatment
Surgical Resection
Less Responsive to Chemotherapy and Radiation
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2 mins
Small Cell (Oat Cell) Carcinoma
Characteristics
Aggressively Malignant
Strong Correlation with Smoking
Central Location
Amplification of Myc Oncogenes
Signs and Symptoms
Narrowing of Bronchial Airways
Cushing's Syndrome
Ectopic ACTH
Syndrome Of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
Diagnosis
Kulchitsky Cells
Neuron-Specific Enolase Positive
Chromogranin A Positive
Treatment
Chemotherapy and Radiation
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3 mins
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Characteristics
Strong Correlation with Smoking
More Common in Men
Central Location
Cavitating Lesion Extending to Hilum
PTHrP Causes Hypercalcemia
Diagnosis
Keratin Pearls
Intercellular Bridges
Treatment
Surgical Resection (if Early Stage)
Chemotherapy and Radiation (if Later Stage)
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2 mins
Adenocarcinoma of the Lung
Characteristics
Most Common Lung Cancer
Most Common in Nonsmokers
Peripheral Location
KRAS, EGFR, and ALK Mutations
Diagnosis
Glandular Pattern
Often Stains with Mucin
Clinical Features
Presents with Hemoptysis
Clubbing
Treatment
Surgical Resection
Chemotherapy and Radiation
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2 mins
Sarcoidosis Symptoms
Black Females
Symptoms
Asymptomatic
Uveitis
Interstitial Fibrosis
Erythema Nodosum
Hepatomegaly
Myocardial Sarcoidosis
Lupus Pernio
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1 min
Sarcoidosis Characteristics and Labs
Mechanism
Unknown Mechanism
Immune-Mediated
Noncaseating Granulomas
Vitamin D Activation
Labs
Hypercalcemia
Elevated ACE
Asteroid and Schaumann Bodies
Bronchoalveolar Lavage shows Increased CD4:CD8 Ratio
X-ray Shows Bilateral Hilar Lymphadenopathy
Treatment
Corticosteroids
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2 mins
Pneumonia Assessment
Risk Factors
Older Adult
Immunocompromised
Long Term Care
Assessment
Shortness of Breath (SOB)
Hypoxemia
Cough and Sputum Production
Wheezing or Crackles
Fever
Pleuritic Pain
Diagnosis
Chest X-ray
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2 mins
Pneumonia Intervention
Interventions
Humidified Oxygen
Deep Breathing Exercises
Position of Comfort
Increase Fluid Intake
Manage Fever
Medications
Antibiotics
Mucolytics
Expectorants
Considerations
Pneumococcal Vaccine
Sepsis
Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF)
Prevention Education
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2 mins

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