Allisonmagnus Shared "clin med midterm " - 24 Picmonics
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clin med midterm
Renal Osteodystrophy
Pathophysiology
Chronic Kidney Disease
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypocalcemia
Decreased Calcitriol
Clinical Features
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Management
Treating Underlying Disorder
2 mins
Acute Tubular Necrosis
ETIOLOGY
Ischemic Injury
Nephrotoxic Injury
HISTOLOGY
Granular Muddy Brown Casts
Signs & Symptoms
Intrinsic Renal Failure
Oliguric Phase
Metabolic Acidosis
Hyperkalemia
Increase in BUN and Creatinine
Polyuria Phase
Decrease in BUN and Creatinine
Hypokalemia
Treatment
Supportive Care
3 mins
Chronic Kidney Disease Early Symptoms Assessment
Characteristics
GFR < 60mL/min
Accumulation of Waste Products
Clinical Features
General Malaise
Hypertension
Proteinuria
Hyperkalemia
Mineral and Bone Disorders
Neuropathy
2 mins
Chronic Kidney Disease Late Symptoms Assessment
Metabolic Acidosis
Severe Uremia
Arrhythmias
Edema
CNS Depression
Anemia
Oliguria
Pruritus
Considerations
End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
GFR < 15mL/min
2 mins
Chronic Kidney Disease Interventions
Interventions
Daily Weights
Strict I/O
Renal Diet
Strict Medication Regimen
Erythropoietin
Manage Hyperkalemia
Manage CKD-MBD
Dialysis
Kidney Transplant
2 mins
Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury Diagnosis and Management
Diagnostic Findings
BUN:Creatinine Ratio > 20:1
Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENa) < 1%
Urine Osmolality > 500 mOsm/kg
Hyaline Casts
Management
Fluid Replacement
Monitor Renal Function
Diuretics
2 mins
Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury Pathophysiology and Presentation
Pathophysiology
Decreased Renal Perfusion
Decreased GFR
Increased Sodium and Water Reabsorption
Presentation
Edema
Dyspnea
Hypotension with Tachycardia
Altered Mental Status
Oliguria
Etiologies
NSAIDs
Renal Artery Stenosis
ACE Inhibitors
2 mins
Hypercalcemia
Assessment
> 10.5 mg/dL Ca2+
Pathologic Fractures
Lethargy
Hypercoagulation
Constipation
ECG Changes
QT Shortening
Interventions
No Calcium Intake
Chelating Drugs
Calcitonin
Bisphosphonates
Loop Diuretics instead of Thiazide Diuretics
Considerations
Increased Risk for Renal Calculi
Increase Fluids
3 mins
Hypocalcemia
Muscle Spasms
Assessment
< 8.5 mg/dL Ca2+
Decreased Bone Density
Tetany
Chvostek's Sign
Trousseau's Sign
Increased DTR
ECG Changes
QT Prolongation
Considerations
Oral and IV Replacement of Ca2+
Seizure Precautions
2 mins
Hyperkalemia
Assessment
> 5.0 mEq/L K+
Abdominal Cramps
Muscle Weakness
Diarrhea
Arrhythmia
Tall, Peaked T Waves
Interventions
IV Calcium
Infusion of Glucose and Insulin
Loop or Thiazide Diuretics
Kayexalate
Dialysis
Prevention Education
2 mins
Hypokalemia
Assessment
< 3.5 mEq/L
Muscle Weakness
Arrhythmia
U Wave
Ileus
Hyporeflexia
Interventions
IV K+ Infusion at 5-10 mEq/hr
Give Orally with Food
Nursing Considerations
Monitor Respiratory Status
3 mins
Hypernatremia
Assessment
> 145 mEq/L Na+
Change in LOC
Extreme Thirst
Orthostatic Hypotension
Dry Flushed Skin
Muscle Twitching
Seizures
Priority Interventions
Treat and Prevent Dehydration
Hypotonic Solutions (0.225% or 0.45% NaCl)
Sodium Restriction
Diuretics
2 mins
Hyponatremia
Assessment
< 135 mEq Na+
Nausea and Vomiting
Decreased LOC
Confusion / Lethargy
Seizures
Priority Interventions
Assess Airway
Reduce Diuretic Dosage
Fluid Excess Hyponatremia
Mannitol (Osmitrol)
Fluid Restriction
Fluid Deficit Hyponatremia
Hypertonic Solution (3% or 5% NaCl)
2 mins
Casts in Urine (Differential Diagnosis)
Characteristics
RBC Casts
Glomerular Disease
WBC Casts
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Acute Pyelonephritis
Fatty Casts
Maltese Cross Sign
Nephrotic Syndrome
Granular Muddy Brown Casts
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
Waxy Casts
End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) (Chronic Renal Failure)
Hyaline Casts
Non-Specific
2 mins
Nephrotic Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Massive Proteinuria > 3.5g per Day
Edema
Increased risk of infection
Thromboembolism
Hyperlipidemia
Fatty casts
1 min
Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
Pathophysiology
Nephritic
Children
Signs and Symptoms
Edema
Cola Colored Urine
Follows Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis or Skin Infection
Diagnosis
Neutrophils
Immunofluorescence (IF) Granular
Lumpy Bumpy Appearance on Immunofluorescence (IF)
Subepithelial Immune Complex Humps
2 mins
Nephrolithiasis Stone Types (Part 1/2)
Calcium Oxalate
Calcium Oxalate
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Ethylene Glycol
Vitamin C
"Dumbbell", Bipyramidal, or Octahedral-shaped
Radiopaque
Uric Acid
Uric Acid
Gout
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Rhomboidal, Rosette, or Needle-shaped
Radiolucent
Decreased Urine pH
2 mins
Nephrolithiasis Stone Types (Part 2/2)
Struvite
Struvite (Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate)
Urinary Tract Infections
"Coffin Lid" Appearance
Radiopaque
Increased Urine pH
Calcium Phosphate
Calcium Phosphate
Hypercalcemia
Wedge-shaped Prisms
Radiopaque
Increased Urine pH
2 mins
Erectile Dysfunction
Cause/Mechanism
Age-Related Changes
Psychological
Medical Conditions
Drug-Induced
Assessment
Sexual Dysfunction (Unable to Maintain Erection)
Interventions
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE5) Inhibitors
Vacuum Constriction Devices
Intraurethral Devices
Penile Implants
Considerations
Sexual Counseling
2 mins
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Disease
Mechanism and Characteristics
DHT-induced Growth Factors
Common in Men > 50 Years Old
Smooth, Symmetric, Firm Enlargement
Affects Lateral and Middle (Periurethral) Gland
Urethra Compression
Symptoms and Complications
Increased Urinary Frequency
Nocturia
Dysuria
Urinary Tract Infection
Hydronephrosis
1 min
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