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Wayne Shared "Pharmacology Bliss 6/4/2024" - 85 Picmonics

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Pharmacology Bliss 6/4/2024

SGLT2 Inhibitors
"-gliflozin" Suffix
Mechanism of Action
Blocks Glucose Reabsorption in Proximal Tubule
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Side Effects
Weight Loss
Lower Blood Pressure
Hyperkalemia
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Considerations
Contraindicated in Chronic Kidney Disease
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1 min
Sitagliptin (Januvia) and Saxagliptin (Onglyza) (DPP-4 Inhibitors)
-gliptin Suffix
Mechanisms
DPP-4 Inhibitor
Increases Insulin Release
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Pancreatitis
Upper Respiratory Infection and Inflammation
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Considerations
Used as Add-on Agents
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2 mins
Exenatide (Byetta)
Mechanism
Incretin Mimetic
GLP-1 Synthetic Analog
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Hypoglycemia
Nausea and Vomiting
Diarrhea
Thyroid Cancer
Pancreatitis
Renal Failure
Considerations
(Give Exenatide) One Hour After Other Medications
Adjunct Therapy
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3 mins
Pioglitazone (Thiazolidinediones)
-glitazones Suffix
Mechanism
Binds PPAR-Gamma
Decreases Insulin Resistance
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Weight Gain
Heart Failure
Myalgia
Hypoglycemia
Upper Respiratory Infection
Considerations
Increased Risk of Bladder Cancer
Increased Fracture Risk in Women
Monitor Liver Enzymes
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2 mins
Acarbose (Precose) and Miglitol (Glyset) (Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors)
Mechanisms
Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors
Delays Absorption of Carbohydrates
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Flatulence
Diarrhea
Anemia
Cramps
Considerations
Monitor LFTs
Oral Glucose for Hypoglycemia
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2 mins
Metformin
Indications
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Mechanism of Action
Decreased Gluconeogenesis
Increased Insulin Sensitivity
Side Effects
Lactic Acidosis
GI Distress
Weight Loss
B12 Deficiency
Contraindication
GFR < 30 ml/min
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2 mins
Chlorpropamide and Tolbutamide (Orinase) (1st Generation Sulfonylureas)
Mechanisms
1st Generation Sulfonylureas
Stimulate Release of Insulin
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Hypoglycemia
Possible Cardiovascular Toxicity
Weight Gain
Considerations
Exacerbated Hypoglycemia with Beta-blockers
Avoid During Pregnancy and Breast Feeding
Avoid Alcohol
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2 mins
Glyburide and Glipizide (2nd Generation Sulfonylureas)
Mechanisms
2nd Generation Sulfonylureas
Blocks Potassium Channels in Beta Cells
Stimulate Release of Insulin
Indications
Type 2 Diabetes
Side Effects
Hypoglycemia
Considerations
More Potent
Beta Blockers Reduce Effects
Avoid Alcohol
Avoid Breastfeeding
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2 mins
Insulin
Rapid Acting
Insulin Lispro (Humalog)
Insulin Aspart (Novolog)
Insulin Glulisine (Apidra)
Short Acting
Regular Insulin (Humulin R)
Intermediate Acting
Isophane NPH (Humulin N)
Long Acting
Detemir (Levemir)
Glargine (Lantus)
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2 mins
Insulin Function
Receptors
Tyrosine Kinase Receptor
Growth Factor
Stimulates IGF-1
Anabolic Effects
Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle and Adipose
Inhibits Glucagon Release
Glycogenesis
Triglyceride Synthesis
Cellular Uptake of Potassium and Amino Acids
Sodium Retention
Protein Synthesis (Muscles)
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4 mins
Insulin Synthesis
Synthesis
Preproinsulin
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Proinsulin 
Golgi Body
Beta Cells Release Insulin
Beta Cells Release C-peptide
Clinical Relevance
Insulinoma
Sulfonylureas
Surreptitious Insulin Use
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2 mins
Insulin Regulation
Master Regulator
Glucose
Incretins Released with Oral Glucose
GLP-1
GIP
Positive Regulators
Beta-2 Receptor Stimulation
M3 Acetylcholine Receptor Stimulation
Negative Regulators
Alpha-2 Receptor Stimulation
Somatostatin
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2 mins
Pramlintide (Symlin)
Mechanism
Synthetic Amylin Analog
Indications
Diabetes Type 1 and 2
Supplement Mealtime Insulin
Side Effects
Nausea
Skin Reactions at Injection Site
Considerations
Hypoglycemia When Combined with Insulin
Delayed Absorption of Oral Drugs
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2 mins
Aromatase Inhibitors
Indications
Estrogen Receptor-positive (ER+) Breast Tumors
Systemic Metastases
Drugs
Reversible, non-steroid
Letrozole
Anastrozole
Irreversible, steroid
Exemestane
Side Effects
Osteoporosis
Arthritis
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1 min
Fludrocortisone
Mechanism of Action
Aldosterone Analog
Indications
Addison’s Disease (Primary Adrenal Insufficiency)
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Side Effects
Cushing Syndrome
Edema
Congestive Heart Failure Exacerbation
Hyperpigmentation
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2 mins
Dexamethasone
Decadron
Corticosteroid
Inflammation
Cytokines
Severe allergies and asthma
Hypertension
Cushing syndrome
Monitor weight, blood pressure, electrolytes
Glucose levels
Take with Food
vision change or loss
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2 mins
Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Mechanisms
Inhibition of Aldosterone
Potassium Retention
Indications
Hypertension
Edema
Heart Failure
Side Effects
Hyperkalemia
Endocrine Effects
Consideration
Avoid Potassium Supplements
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2 mins
Mifepristone, Ulipristal (Antiprogestins)
Mechanism of Action
Progesterone Receptor Antagonist
Indications
Mifepristone
Pregnancy Termination With Misoprostol
Ulipristal
Emergency Contraception
Side effects
Abdominal Pain
Vomiting
Diarrhea
other mechanisms of action
At High Doses: Cortisol Antagonist
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2 mins
Cushing's Drug Treatments
Aminoglutethemide
Aminoglutethemide
Blocks Pregnenolone Production
Etomidate
Etomidate
Inhibits 11 Beta-Hydroxylase
Metyrapone
Metyrapone
Inhibits 11-hydroxylation
Mifepristone
Mifepristone
Steroid Receptor Antagonist
Decreases Blood Glucose
Mitotane
Mitotane
1st line for Adrenal Carcinoma
GI Distress
Depression and Skin rash
Pasireotide
Pasireotide
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Azoles (Ketoconazole)
"-azole" suffix
Indications
Local and Less Serious Systemic Mycosis
Mechanism
Inhibits Ergosterol Synthesis
Inhibits P450
Side Effects
Liver Dysfunction
Inhibition of Testosterone Synthesis
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1 min

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Wayne Shared Pharmacology Bliss 6/4/2024 - 85 Picmonics