With Picmonic, facts become pictures. We've taken what the science shows - image mnemonics work - but we've boosted the effectiveness by building and associating memorable characters, interesting audio stories, and built-in quizzing. Whether you're studying for your classes or getting ready for a big exam, we're here to help.
Respiratory
Alveolar Gas Exchange
Characteristics
Pulmonary Artery Blood is O2-Poor, CO2-Rich
Two-Cell Thick Air-Blood Barrier
CO2 Diffuses Into Air
O2 Diffuses Into Blood
Gases Equilibrate
Pulmonary Vein is O2-Rich, CO2-Poor
Thermoregulation
2 mins
Respiratory Anatomy
Characteristics
Nasal Cavity
Hair Filters
Mucus Filters and Moistens
Capillaries Warm
Pharynx (Throat)
Larynx (Voice Box)
Cilia Expel Mucus and Dust
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
2 mins
Physiologic Dead Space (VD)
Tidal Volume (VT)
Partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2)
Partial pressure of CO2 in expired air (PECO2)
VD = TV x (PaCO2-PECO2) / PaCO2
2 mins
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin Has Four Iron Hemes
Lots Of Hemoglobin In Red Blood Cells
High O2 Levels Increase O2 Binding
High Temperature Reduces O2 Binding
High CO2 Levels Reduce O2 Binding
Low pH Reduces O2 Binding
Myoglobin Binds Oxygen in Muscle
2 mins
A-a Gradient
Partial pressure of alveolar oxygen (PAO2)
Partial Pressure of Arterial O2 (PaO2)
Normal 10 to 15 mmHg
Hypoxemia with an Abnormal A-a Gradient
Diffusion problem
Shunting (Low V/Q)
Dead space (high V/Q)
1 min
Alveolar Gas Equation
Equation
Partial Pressure of Alveolar Oxygen (PAO2)
Partial Pressure of Oxygen in the Inspired Air (PIO2)
PIO2 Normally Approximated = 150 mmHg
Arterial Partial Pressure of CO2 (PaCO2)
Respiratory Quotient (R)
R Normally Approximated = 0.8
PAO2 = PIO2 - (PaCO2/R)
1 min
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Characteristics
Mechanism
Virchow's Triad
Venous Stasis
Endothelial Damage
Hypercoagulability
Symptoms
Tenderness
Homan's Sign
Warmth
Redness
Swelling
Asymptomatic
1 min
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Management
Diagnosis
Compression Ultrasound (CUS) with Doppler
D-Dimer
Contrast Venography
Treatment
IVC Filter
Heparin for Acute Management
Warfarin for Long-term Management
Thrombectomy/Thrombolysis
Stockings
Walking
4 mins
Pulmonary Embolism Causes
Causes
FAT BAT Mnemonic
Fat
Air
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Bacteria
Amniotic Fluid
Tumor
Risk Factors
Hypercoagulable
Central Venous Lines
Immobilized
1 min
Pulmonary Embolism Presentation and Diagnosis
Presentation
Sudden onset Shortness of Breath (S.O.B.)
Tachypnea
Pleuritic Chest Pain
Hemoptysis
Hypoxemia
Sudden Death
Diagnosis
Gold Standard: CT Pulmonary Angiography
X-Ray
D-Dimer
V/Q Scan
1 min
Asthma
Obstructive lung disease
Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness
History of Atopic Disease
Beta2 agonists
Corticosteroids
Curschmann's spirals
Hypertrophy of smooth muscle
Reversible
Charcot Leyden crystals
Methacholine challenge
Wheezing
Cough
Initially decreased PaCO2
Pulsus paradoxus
2 mins
Bronchiectasis
Obstructive Lung Disease
Chronic Necrotizing Infection
Permanent Airway Dilation
Poor Ciliary Motility
Kartagener's Syndrome
Cystic Fibrosis
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Hemoptysis
Increased Sputum
2 mins
Chronic Bronchitis
Pathophysiology
Chronic Inflammation of Bronchi
Signs and Symptoms
Early-Onset Cyanosis
Blue Bloaters
Productive Cough
Wheezing
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Late-Onset Dyspnea
Crackles
Diagnosis
Reid Index > 50%
2 mins
Emphysema
Clinical Features
Pink Puffer
Exhale through Pursed Lips
Barrel Chest
Pathophysiology
Obstructive Lung Disease
Increased Lung Compliance
Types
Centriacinar
Panacinar
2 mins
Obstructive Lung Disease
Blocked Airflow
Increased residual volume
V/Q Mismatch
Decreased forced vital capacity (FVC)
Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
51 secs
Restrictive vs. Obstructive Lung Diseases
Restrictive Lung Disease
Decreased Lung Volume
FEV1/FVC Ratio Normal to Increased
Obstructive Lung Disease
Increased Lung Volume
Decreased FEV1/FVC Ratio
2 mins
Restrictive Lung Diseases
Poor Breathing Mechanics
Interstitial Lung Diseases
Goodpasture's Syndrome
Eosinophilic Granuloma
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Sarcoidosis
Pneumoconiosis
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Drug Toxicity
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
2 mins
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Mechanism
Accumulation of Air in Pleural Space
Tall and Thin Young Males
Bleb or Bulla Rupture
Underlying Disease
Signs and Symptoms
Hypoxemia
Chest Pain
Decreased Breath Sounds
Hyperresonance
Shortness of Breath (SOB)
1 min
Tension Pneumothorax
Mechanism
Air Enters Pleural Space, but Can't Exit
Trauma or Infection
Signs and Symptoms
Decreased Breath Sounds
Trachea Deviates Away from Affected Side
Chest Pain
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Hypotension
Hypoxemia
Hyperresonance
Emergency
2 mins
Theophylline
Indications
Asthma
Mechanism
Inhibits Phosphodiesterase
Increases cAMP
Side Effects
Cardiotoxicity
Neurotoxicity
Blocks Adenosine Action
53 secs
Ace Your Medicine (MD/DO) Classes & Exams with Picmonic:
Over 1,990,000 students use Picmonic’s picture mnemonics to improve knowledge, retention, and exam performance.
Choose the #1 Medicine (MD/DO) student study app.
Picmonic for Medicine (MD/DO) covers information that is relevant to your entire Medicine (MD/DO) education. Whether you’re studying for your classes or getting ready to conquer the USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2 CK, COMLEX Level 1, or COMLEX Level 2, we’re here to help.
Works better than traditional Medicine (MD/DO) flashcards.
Research shows that students who use Picmonic see a 331% improvement in memory retention and a 50% improvement in test scores.