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pathology M1
Arteriolosclerosis
Characteristics
Small Arteries and Arterioles
Thickening of Arteriole Wall
Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis
Hyperplastic
Smooth Muscle Cell Hyperplasia
"Onion Skin" Appearance
Malignant Hypertension
Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis
Hyaline
Subendothelial Protein Deposits
Chronic Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Aging
2 mins
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Characteristics
Elderly Men
Above the Diaphragm
Usually Asymptomatic
Risk Factors
Hypertension
Smoking
Connective Tissue Disorders
Vasculitis
Diagnosis
Chest X-Ray
Chest CT Angiography
Management
Manage Risk Factors
Surgery if Rupture or Dissection
Observation if Asymptomatic
4 mins
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Screening
Screen Males 65-75 Who've Ever Smoked
Diagnosis
Ultrasound
Treatment
Observation
Asymptomatic and < 5 cm in Size
Surgical Repair
> 5.5 cm in Abdomen
Emergent Surgery
Ruptured or Symptomatic
2 mins
Dissociation
Clinical Manifestations
Memory Loss
Changes In Personality
Mechanism
Unconscious
Physical or Sexual Abuse
Immature Ego Defense
1 min
Hypertension Assessment
Mechanism
Essential Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
Assessment
Headache
Vision Changes
Nosebleed (Epistaxis)
Chest Pain
Syncope (Fainting)
Diagnosis
Average 2 Sets, 2 Minutes Apart
After 2 or More Visits (within 1-4 weeks)
Nursing Considerations
Take BP Both Arms
Common in African Americans
2 mins
Hypertension Intervention
Lifestyle Modifications
Weight Reduction and Exercise
Diet Changes
Relaxation Techniques
Smoking Cessation
Medications
Encourage Self Monitoring
1 min
Varicose Veins Interventions
Laser Therapy
Sclerotherapy
Removal of Saphenous Vein
Considerations
Avoid Prolonged Standing
Elastic Compression Stockings
2 mins
Kaposi Sarcoma
Characteristics
Malignant Vascular Tumor
Human Herpesvirus Type 8 (HHV-8)
AIDS/Immunocompromised
CD4+ < 500
Presentation
Multifocal Purple Lesions
Skin
Mucous Membranes
Visceral Organs
Diagnosis
Spindle-shaped Cells
Management
Observation
Chemotherapy
Treat Underlying Disorder
3 mins
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) Symptoms
Upper Respiratory Tract
Saddle Nose
Perforation of Nasal Septum
Chronic Sinusitis
Otitis Media
Mastoiditis
Lower Respiratory Tract
Cough
Dyspnea
Hemoptysis
Kidney
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
Hematuria
RBC Casts
2 mins
Buerger's Disease
Pathophysiology
Thromboangiitis Obliterans
Segmental Inflammation
Strong Association with Smoking
Signs and Symptoms
Superficial Nodular Phlebitis
Raynaud's Phenomenon
Autoamputation
Treatment
Smoking Cessation
2 mins
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Pathophysiology
Immune Complex-Mediated Transmural Vasculitis
Hepatitis B Association
Fibrinoid Necrosis
Signs and Symptoms
Black Stool (Melena)
Neurologic Dysfunction
Myalgia
Fever
Hypertension
Diagnosis
Vessels / Lesions in Different Stages
Renal Microaneurysms (On Arteriogram)
Spares Pulmonary Arteries (No Pulmonary Involvement)
High-pitched Holosystolic Murmer (over left sternal border)
Dyspnea and Respiratory Distress
Loud Pulmonic S2
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Treatment
Small VSDs Close Spontaneously
Large VSDs Require Surgery
Complications
Endocarditis
Eisenmenger's Syndrome
CHF
2 mins
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Features
Blue Baby Syndrome
Mechanism
PROVe Acronym
Pulmonary Infundibular Stenosis
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Overriding Aorta
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Diagnosis and Treatment
Boot-Shaped Heart
Squatting for Tet Spells
Surgery
2 mins
Transposition of Great Vessels
Pathophysiology
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation are in Parallel
Incompatible with Life Without a Shunt
Symptoms
Severe Cyanosis at Birth
Single S2 sound
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Chest X-ray shows "Egg-shaped Silhouette"
Treatment
Prostaglandin
Avoid NSAIDs
Surgical Correction
Balloon Atrial Septostomy
2 mins
Coarctation of The Aorta
Pathophysiology
Constriction of a Portion of Aorta
Turner Syndrome
Symptoms
Asymptomatic Hypertension
BP Higher in Upper Extremities, Right Arm
CHF
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Cardiac Catheterization
3 Sign on Chest X-Ray
Rib Notching
Treatment
Surgical Correction
2 mins
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