Bilja Shared "Biologi 2- Cell och mat" - 13 Picmonics
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Biologi 2- Cell och mat
Glycolysis
Characteristics
Glucose
Hexokinase or Glucokinase
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Pyruvate Kinase
Pyruvate
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Acetyl-CoA
4 mins
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Characteristics
Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate
Citric Acid
Isocitric Acid
Produces NADH
Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid
Produces NADH
Succinyl CoA
Produces GTP
Succinate
Produces FADH2
Fumarate
Uses Water
Malate
Produces NADH
Oxaloacetate
4 mins
Energy Releasing Pathways: Accounting
Characteristics
Anaerobic Respiration
2 ATP
2 NADH
Aerobic Respiration
8 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
34 ATP
2 ATP Lost
36 Net Total ATP
2 mins
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Electron Transport Chain
Oxygen is Final Electron Acceptor
Proton Pump
Proton Motive Force
ATP Synthase
1 NADH 2.5 ATP
1 FADH2 1.5 ATP
3 mins
Anaerobic Respiration
Cytosol
Glucose
Glycolysis
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
2 NADH
2 Net ATP
2 Pyruvate
Fermentation
NAD+ Regeneration
Waste Byproduct
2 mins
Aerobic Respiration
Mitochondrial Matrix
2 Pyruvate
Pyruvate Decarboxylation
2 NADH
2 Acetyl-CoA
Krebs Cycle
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 Substrate Level ATPs
1 min
Nucleus
Characteristics
Transcription Factors
Nucleolus Transcribes rRNA
DNA
RNA
Nuclear Membrane is a Bilayer
Membrane is Continuous with Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus Surrounded by Cytosol
Nuclear Pores
2 mins
GI Absorption
Stomach
Alcohol
Duodenum
Iron
Jejunum
Folate
Terminal Ileum
Vitamin B12
Bile Resorption
1 min
Oral Cavity
Characteristics
Mouth
Mechanical Digestion
Salivary Amylase Begins Carbohydrate Breakdown
Lingual Lipase Begins Lipid Breakdown
Esophagus
Bolus
Peristalsis
1 min
Stomach Digestion
Characteristics
Chief Cells Secrete Pepsinogen
Pepsinogen Turned to Pepsin By H+
Protein Breakdown Begins
Mucous Cells Secrete Mucus and Bicarbonate
G Cells Secrete Gastrin
Gastrin Stimulates Parietal Cell HCl Release
Parietal Cells Secrete Intrinsic Factor
2 mins
Small Intestine Digestion
Brush border enzymes
Pancreatic Enzymes are secreted via a Duct
Pancreas secretes bicarbonate
Brush Border activates Pancreatic Trypsin
Trypsin activates Chymotrypsin
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin digest Proteins
Gallbladder Releases Bile
Pancreatic Lipase breaks down Lipids
Goblet cells secrete mucus
Pancreatic Amylase breaks down Carbohydrates
Pancreatic Nucleases breakdown DNA/RNA
Digestion occurs in the Duodenum
2 mins
Large Intestine
Characteristics
Colon
Electrolyte Reabsorption
Water Reabsorption
Microflora Produce Vitamins
Rectum Stores Feces
1 min
Small Intestine Absorption
Characteristics
Carbohydrates Undergo Active Transport
Amino Acids Undergo Active Transport
Small Lipids Undergo Passive Diffusion
Epithelial Cells
Intestinal Capillaries
Hepatic Portal Transports Nutrients
Liver
Large Lipids Transported as Chylomicrons
Lacteals Transport Chylomicrons
2 mins
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