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Sachin Shared "PSM" - 34 Picmonics

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PSM

Sensitivity
Characteristics
Rules Out
Screening Test
Formula
TP / (FN+TP)
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2 mins
Specificity
Characteristics
Rules In
Confirmatory Test
Formula
TN / (TN + FP)
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1 min
Case Control Study
Observational
Retrospective
Compares those with disease to those without
(Asks) "What happened?"
Measurement
Odds Ratio
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47 secs
Cohort Study
Observational
Longitudinal
Studies risk from exposure
Retrospective
(Asks) "Who developed disease?"
Prospective
(Asks) "Who will develop disease?"
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1 min
Cross-Sectional Study
Observational
(Asks) "What's Happening?"
Data at One Specific Point in Time
(Finds) Frequency of Disease
Measurement
Prevalence
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49 secs
Quantifying Risk: Contingency 2x2 Table Setup
Disease
Along Top (x axis)
Exposure
Along Side (y axis)
A: Exposed and Diseased (Sick)
B: Exposed and Healthy
C: Not Exposed and Diseased (Sick)
D: Not Exposed and Healthy
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2 mins
Odds Ratio (OR)
Use
Case Control Studies
Measures Association Between an Exposure and an Outcome
Formula
Odds of Exposure in Diseased (Sick) Group
a / c
Divided /
Odds of Exposure in Healthy Group
b / d
Interpretation
=1 Exposure does not affect odds
> 1 Exposure increases disease
< 1 Exposure decreases disease
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2 mins
Attributable Risk (AR)
Use
Proportion Exposure Increases Disease
Formula
Incidence of Diseased (Sick)
Equals =
Exposed Group
a / (a + b)
Minus -
Unexposed Group
c / (c + d)
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1 min
Relative Risk (RR)
Use
Used in Cohort Studies
Formula
Risk of Developing Disease
Equals =
Exposed Group
a / (a + b)
Divided by /
Unexposed Group
c / (c + d)
When Low Prevalence Odds Ratio Approximates Relative Risk
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2 mins
Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
Proportion of Positive Tests that are True Positive
Probability that Person with Positive Test has Disease
Formula
TP (True Positives)
Divided by /
All Positive Test Results
TP + FP
Considerations
Varies Directly with Prevalence
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1 min
Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
Proportion of Negative Tests that are Truly Negative
Probability that Person with Negative Test is Healthy
Formula
(TN) True Negatives
Divided by /
All Negative Test Results
(FN + TN)
Considerations
Varies Inversely with Prevalence
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1 min
Common Statistical Tests
Determine If Comparing Numerical Or Categorical Variables
Numerical Variables
T-Test For Comparing Means Of Two Groups
ANOVA For Comparing Means In Greater Than Three Groups
Comparing Mean Values On Normal/Bell Distribution
Categorical Variables
Chi-Squared Test For Comparing Categorical Outcomes In Large Sample Sizes
Fisher's Exact Test For Comparing Categorical Outcomes In Small Sample Sizes
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4 mins
Scientific Bias Types
DEFINITION
Bias
RECRUITING PARTICIPANTS
Selection Bias
Berkson Bias
Attrition Bias
PERFORMING STUDY
Recall Bias
Measurement Bias
Procedure Bias
Observer-expectancy Bias
INTERPRETING RESULTS
Confounding Bias
Lead-time Bias
Length-time Bias
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6 mins
Rights for the Mentally Ill Patient
RIGHTS FOR THE MENTALLY ILL PATIENT
Right to Treatment
Right to Refuse Treatment
Right to Informed Consent
Right to Confidentiality
Considerations
Restraints
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2 mins
Minors
MINOR PATIENTS
Legal Age: Under Age 18
Parent or Guardian Consent
CONSIDERATIONS
Emancipated Minor
Emergency Situation
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2 mins
Good Samaritan Law
Good Samaritan Laws
Legal Immunity
No Legal Obligation to Provide Aid
If Providing Aid, Cannot Abandon
CONSIDERATIONS
Vary State to State
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2 mins
Patient’s Rights
Patient’s Rights When Hospitalized
Respectful Care
Information
Consent or Refuse Treatment
Continuity of Care
Privacy and Confidentiality
Medical Record Review
Consent or Refuse Part in Research
Health Alternatives
Explanation of Charges and Bills
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3 mins
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Protected Health Information
Confidentiality
HIPAA Patient Rights
See and Copy Health Records
Update and Correct Health Record
Use and Disclosure of Protected Health Information
How to Receive Health Information
Permitted Disclosure of Personal Health Information (PHI) Without Patient Authorization
Public Health Activities
Law Enforcement
Deceased People
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3 mins
Advanced Directives
Advance Care Planning
Process of Planning for Future Care
Living Will
Instructions about Healthcare
Life-Sustaining Treatments
Level of Comfort Care
Artificial Nutrition and Hydration
Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare
Appointed Person to Make Decisions
Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)
No CPR
Allow Natural Death (AND)
Physician Order for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST)
Medical Order
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3 mins
Negligence and Malpractice
Failure to Provide Acceptable Care
Anyone Can be Liable
Did Not Carry Out Duty and Patient Was Injured
Must Be a Professional
Not Following Standard of Care
Failure to Communicate
Failure to Document
Failure to Assess and Monitor Patient
Improper Delegation
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3 mins

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Sachin Shared PSM - 34 Picmonics