Sachin Shared "PSM" - 34 Picmonics
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PSM
Sensitivity
- Characteristics
- Rules Out
- Screening Test
- Formula
- TP / (FN+TP)
2 mins
Specificity
- Characteristics
- Rules In
- Confirmatory Test
- Formula
- TN / (TN + FP)
1 min
Case Control Study
- Observational
- Retrospective
- Compares those with disease to those without
- (Asks) "What happened?"
- Measurement
- Odds Ratio
47 secs
Cohort Study
- Observational
- Longitudinal
- Studies risk from exposure
- Retrospective
- (Asks) "Who developed disease?"
- Prospective
- (Asks) "Who will develop disease?"
1 min
Cross-Sectional Study
- Observational
- (Asks) "What's Happening?"
- Data at One Specific Point in Time
- (Finds) Frequency of Disease
- Measurement
- Prevalence
49 secs
Quantifying Risk: Contingency 2x2 Table Setup
- Disease
- Along Top (x axis)
- Exposure
- Along Side (y axis)
- A: Exposed and Diseased (Sick)
- B: Exposed and Healthy
- C: Not Exposed and Diseased (Sick)
- D: Not Exposed and Healthy
2 mins
Odds Ratio (OR)
- Use
- Case Control Studies
- Measures Association Between an Exposure and an Outcome
- Formula
- Odds of Exposure in Diseased (Sick) Group
- a / c
- Divided /
- Odds of Exposure in Healthy Group
- b / d
- Interpretation
- =1 Exposure does not affect odds
- > 1 Exposure increases disease
- < 1 Exposure decreases disease
2 mins
Attributable Risk (AR)
- Use
- Proportion Exposure Increases Disease
- Formula
- Incidence of Diseased (Sick)
- Equals =
- Exposed Group
- a / (a + b)
- Minus -
- Unexposed Group
- c / (c + d)
1 min
Relative Risk (RR)
- Use
- Used in Cohort Studies
- Formula
- Risk of Developing Disease
- Equals =
- Exposed Group
- a / (a + b)
- Divided by /
- Unexposed Group
- c / (c + d)
- When Low Prevalence Odds Ratio Approximates Relative Risk
2 mins
Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
- Proportion of Positive Tests that are True Positive
- Probability that Person with Positive Test has Disease
- Formula
- TP (True Positives)
- Divided by /
- All Positive Test Results
- TP + FP
- Considerations
- Varies Directly with Prevalence
1 min
Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
- Proportion of Negative Tests that are Truly Negative
- Probability that Person with Negative Test is Healthy
- Formula
- (TN) True Negatives
- Divided by /
- All Negative Test Results
- (FN + TN)
- Considerations
- Varies Inversely with Prevalence
1 min
Common Statistical Tests
- Determine If Comparing Numerical Or Categorical Variables
- Numerical Variables
- T-Test For Comparing Means Of Two Groups
- ANOVA For Comparing Means In Greater Than Three Groups
- Comparing Mean Values On Normal/Bell Distribution
- Categorical Variables
- Chi-Squared Test For Comparing Categorical Outcomes In Large Sample Sizes
- Fisher's Exact Test For Comparing Categorical Outcomes In Small Sample Sizes
4 mins
Scientific Bias Types
- DEFINITION
- Bias
- RECRUITING PARTICIPANTS
- Selection Bias
- Berkson Bias
- Attrition Bias
- PERFORMING STUDY
- Recall Bias
- Measurement Bias
- Procedure Bias
- Observer-expectancy Bias
- INTERPRETING RESULTS
- Confounding Bias
- Lead-time Bias
- Length-time Bias
6 mins
Rights for the Mentally Ill Patient
- RIGHTS FOR THE MENTALLY ILL PATIENT
- Right to Treatment
- Right to Refuse Treatment
- Right to Informed Consent
- Right to Confidentiality
- Considerations
- Restraints
2 mins
Minors
- MINOR PATIENTS
- Legal Age: Under Age 18
- Parent or Guardian Consent
- CONSIDERATIONS
- Emancipated Minor
- Emergency Situation
2 mins
Good Samaritan Law
- Good Samaritan Laws
- Legal Immunity
- No Legal Obligation to Provide Aid
- If Providing Aid, Cannot Abandon
- CONSIDERATIONS
- Vary State to State
2 mins
Patient’s Rights
- Patient’s Rights When Hospitalized
- Respectful Care
- Information
- Consent or Refuse Treatment
- Continuity of Care
- Privacy and Confidentiality
- Medical Record Review
- Consent or Refuse Part in Research
- Health Alternatives
- Explanation of Charges and Bills
3 mins
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
- Protected Health Information
- Confidentiality
- HIPAA Patient Rights
- See and Copy Health Records
- Update and Correct Health Record
- Use and Disclosure of Protected Health Information
- How to Receive Health Information
- Permitted Disclosure of Personal Health Information (PHI) Without Patient Authorization
- Public Health Activities
- Law Enforcement
- Deceased People
3 mins
Advanced Directives
- Advance Care Planning
- Process of Planning for Future Care
- Living Will
- Instructions about Healthcare
- Life-Sustaining Treatments
- Level of Comfort Care
- Artificial Nutrition and Hydration
- Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare
- Appointed Person to Make Decisions
- Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)
- No CPR
- Allow Natural Death (AND)
- Physician Order for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST)
- Medical Order
3 mins
Negligence and Malpractice
- Failure to Provide Acceptable Care
- Anyone Can be Liable
- Did Not Carry Out Duty and Patient Was Injured
- Must Be a Professional
- Not Following Standard of Care
- Failure to Communicate
- Failure to Document
- Failure to Assess and Monitor Patient
- Improper Delegation
3 mins
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