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EBM
Cohort Study
Observational
Longitudinal
Studies risk from exposure
Retrospective
(Asks) "Who developed disease?"
Prospective
(Asks) "Who will develop disease?"
1 min
Case Control Study
Observational
Retrospective
Compares those with disease to those without
(Asks) "What happened?"
Measurement
Odds Ratio
47 secs
Cross-Sectional Study
Observational
(Asks) "What's Happening?"
Data at One Specific Point in Time
(Finds) Frequency of Disease
Measurement
Prevalence
49 secs
Relative Risk (RR)
Use
Used in Cohort Studies
Formula
Risk of Developing Disease
Equals =
Exposed Group
a / (a + b)
Divided by /
Unexposed Group
c / (c + d)
When Low Prevalence Odds Ratio Approximates Relative Risk
2 mins
Odds Ratio (OR)
Use
Case Control Studies
Measures Association Between an Exposure and an Outcome
Formula
Odds of Exposure in Diseased (Sick) Group
a / c
Divided /
Odds of Exposure in Healthy Group
b / d
Interpretation
=1 Exposure does not affect odds
> 1 Exposure increases disease
< 1 Exposure decreases disease
2 mins
Common Statistical Tests
Determine If Comparing Numerical Or Categorical Variables
Numerical Variables
T-Test For Comparing Means Of Two Groups
ANOVA For Comparing Means In Greater Than Three Groups
Comparing Mean Values On Normal/Bell Distribution
Categorical Variables
Chi-Squared Test For Comparing Categorical Outcomes In Large Sample Sizes
Fisher's Exact Test For Comparing Categorical Outcomes In Small Sample Sizes
4 mins
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