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Module 7-Mass Casualty, Trauma, Burns
IV Solutions
Hypotonic (< 280 mOsm/L)
1/4 Normal Saline (0.225% NaCl)
1/2 Normal Saline (0.45% NaCl)
Isotonic (280-300 mOsm)
Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)
Lactated Ringer's (LR)
Dextrose 5% in Water (D5W)
Hypertonic (> 300 mOsm)
3% or 5% NaCl
Dextrose 5% in 0.45% NaCl
Dextrose 10% in Water (D10W)
3 mins
Types of Blood Products
Types
Whole Blood
Packed Red Blood Cells
Fresh Frozen Plasma
Immunoglobulins
Clotting Factors
Albumin
Platelets
Considerations
Use within 24 Hours
Washing Removes Antibodies
Irradiation Destroys WBCs
2 mins
Blood Types and Compatibilities
ABO Compatibility
No Antigens (Type O Blood)
Universal Donor
A Antigen (Type A Blood)
B Antigen (Type B Blood)
AB Antigen (Type AB Blood)
Universal Recipient
Rhesus (Rh) Compatibility
Rh (Rhesus) Antigen
Never Rh+ to Rh-
Considerations
Blood Transfusion
Obstetric Patient
2 mins
Blood Transfusion Administration
Proper Patient Identification
Large Bore Needle
Y Tubing
Baseline Vital Signs
Slow IV Infusion
Monitor During First 15 Minutes or 50 mL of Blood
Monitor for Reactions
Considerations
Do Not Add Anything To Same IV Line
No Dextrose or Lactated Ringers
Jehovah's Witnesses, No Transfusions
3 mins
Transfusion Reactions
Acute Hemolytic
Febrile, Non-Hemolytic
Mild Allergic
Anaphylactic
Circulatory Overload
Sepsis Reaction
Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)
Massive Blood Transfusion
2 mins
Flail Chest
Cause/Mechanism
Trauma
Assessment
Shallow Respirations
Chest Pain
Paradoxical Chest Movement
Interventions
Mechanical Ventilation
Analgesics
Intercostal Nerve Blocks
Considerations
Surgical Rib Fixation
Monitor Pulmonary Contusion
2 mins
Pneumothorax
Mechanism
Air Enters Pleural Space
Assessment
Sudden Dyspnea
Absent or Restricted Movement on Affected Side
Decreased or Absent Breath Sounds on Affected Side
Chest Pain
Tracheal Deviation
Vital Sign Changes
Crepitus
Considerations
High Fowler's Position With Oxygen
Prepare For Chest Tube Placement
Educate High Risk Patients
2 mins
Types of Head Injuries
Open Head Injury
Linear Fracture
Comminuted Fracture
Depressed Fracture
Open Fracture
Basilar Skull Fracture
Closed Head Injury
Coup and Contrecoup
Brain Contusion
Concussion
2 mins
Types of Burns
Superficial Thickness
Sunburn
Superficial Partial Thickness
Blisters
Blanching
Deep Partial Thickness
Little or Non-blanching
Full Thickness
Waxy White, Yellow or Black
Decreased Pain
2 mins
Rule of 9's for Burns
Total Body Surface Area (TBSA)
Head
Anterior Torso (18%)
Chest
Abdomen
Posterior Torso (18%)
Upper Back
Lower Back
Extremities
Posterior Leg (each)
Anterior Leg (each)
Each Arm
Genitalia 1%
2 mins
Burns Assessment
Stage and Extent of Burn
Dyspnea
Singed Nasal Hairs
Pain
Initial Decrease Urinary Output
Paralytic Ileus
Signs of Inadequate Hydration
Shock
Hypothermia
Hyperkalemia
2 mins
Parkland Formula
Burn victims
24 hours
TBSA% x Weight x 4 = Fluids
TBSA %
x Weight (kg)
x 4
= Fluid Requirement (in first 24 hrs)
Fluids in first 8 hours
1/2 of fluid given in first 8 hours
1 min
Burns Interventions
Ensure Airway Patency
O2
IV Fluid Replacement
Dry Sterile Dressing
Debridement
Elevate Burned Limbs
Analgesics
Silver Sulfadiazine
Escharotomy
2 mins
Burns Considerations
Maintain Body Temperature
Increased Risk of Infection
Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophylaxis
Curling's Ulcer
Excision and Grafting
Adequate Nutrition
Contractures
2 mins
Compartment Syndrome Assessment
Mechanism
Trauma
Increased Pressure
Compressed Nerves and Blood Vessels
Assessment
1 or more of 6 P's
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
Considerations
May take Days to develop
Early Detection
Ischemia
Damage often Irreversible
2 mins
Compartment Syndrome Interventions
Interventions
Frequent Neurovascular Assessments
Evaluate Pain
Do Not Elevate Extremity
Remove or Loosen Restrictive Items
Fasciotomy
Amputation
Considerations
Infection
Monitor Urine Output
2 mins
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