Constance R Shared "Module 7-Mass Casualty, Trauma, Burns" - 16 Picmonics
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Module 7-Mass Casualty, Trauma, Burns
IV Solutions
- Hypotonic (< 280 mOsm/L)
- 1/4 Normal Saline (0.225% NaCl)
- 1/2 Normal Saline (0.45% NaCl)
- Isotonic (280-300 mOsm)
- Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)
- Lactated Ringer's (LR)
- Dextrose 5% in Water (D5W)
- Hypertonic (> 300 mOsm)
- 3% or 5% NaCl
- Dextrose 5% in 0.45% NaCl
- Dextrose 10% in Water (D10W)
3 mins
Types of Blood Products
- Types
- Whole Blood
- Packed Red Blood Cells
- Fresh Frozen Plasma
- Immunoglobulins
- Clotting Factors
- Albumin
- Platelets
- Considerations
- Use within 24 Hours
- Washing Removes Antibodies
- Irradiation Destroys WBCs
2 mins
Blood Types and Compatibilities
- ABO Compatibility
- No Antigens (Type O Blood)
- Universal Donor
- A Antigen (Type A Blood)
- B Antigen (Type B Blood)
- AB Antigen (Type AB Blood)
- Universal Recipient
- Rhesus (Rh) Compatibility
- Rh (Rhesus) Antigen
- Never Rh+ to Rh-
- Considerations
- Blood Transfusion
- Obstetric Patient
2 mins
Blood Transfusion Administration
- Proper Patient Identification
- Large Bore Needle
- Y Tubing
- Baseline Vital Signs
- Slow IV Infusion
- Monitor During First 15 Minutes or 50 mL of Blood
- Monitor for Reactions
- Considerations
- Do Not Add Anything To Same IV Line
- No Dextrose or Lactated Ringers
- Jehovah's Witnesses, No Transfusions
3 mins
Transfusion Reactions
- Acute Hemolytic
- Febrile, Non-Hemolytic
- Mild Allergic
- Anaphylactic
- Circulatory Overload
- Sepsis Reaction
- Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)
- Massive Blood Transfusion
2 mins
Flail Chest
- Cause/Mechanism
- Trauma
- Assessment
- Shallow Respirations
- Chest Pain
- Paradoxical Chest Movement
- Interventions
- Mechanical Ventilation
- Analgesics
- Intercostal Nerve Blocks
- Considerations
- Surgical Rib Fixation
- Monitor Pulmonary Contusion
2 mins
Pneumothorax
- Mechanism
- Air Enters Pleural Space
- Assessment
- Sudden Dyspnea
- Absent or Restricted Movement on Affected Side
- Decreased or Absent Breath Sounds on Affected Side
- Chest Pain
- Tracheal Deviation
- Vital Sign Changes
- Crepitus
- Considerations
- High Fowler's Position With Oxygen
- Prepare For Chest Tube Placement
- Educate High Risk Patients
2 mins
Types of Head Injuries
- Open Head Injury
- Linear Fracture
- Comminuted Fracture
- Depressed Fracture
- Open Fracture
- Basilar Skull Fracture
- Closed Head Injury
- Coup and Contrecoup
- Brain Contusion
- Concussion
2 mins
Types of Burns
- Superficial Thickness
- Sunburn
- Superficial Partial Thickness
- Blisters
- Blanching
- Deep Partial Thickness
- Little or Non-blanching
- Full Thickness
- Waxy White, Yellow or Black
- Decreased Pain
2 mins
Rule of 9's for Burns
- Total Body Surface Area (TBSA)
- Head
- Anterior Torso (18%)
- Chest
- Abdomen
- Posterior Torso (18%)
- Upper Back
- Lower Back
- Extremities
- Posterior Leg (each)
- Anterior Leg (each)
- Each Arm
- Genitalia 1%
2 mins
Burns Assessment
- Stage and Extent of Burn
- Dyspnea
- Singed Nasal Hairs
- Pain
- Initial Decrease Urinary Output
- Paralytic Ileus
- Signs of Inadequate Hydration
- Shock
- Hypothermia
- Hyperkalemia
2 mins
Parkland Formula
- Burn victims
- 24 hours
- TBSA% x Weight x 4 = Fluids
- TBSA %
- x Weight (kg)
- x 4
- = Fluid Requirement (in first 24 hrs)
- Fluids in first 8 hours
- 1/2 of fluid given in first 8 hours
1 min
Burns Interventions
- Ensure Airway Patency
- O2
- IV Fluid Replacement
- Dry Sterile Dressing
- Debridement
- Elevate Burned Limbs
- Analgesics
- Silver Sulfadiazine
- Escharotomy
2 mins
Burns Considerations
- Maintain Body Temperature
- Increased Risk of Infection
- Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophylaxis
- Curling's Ulcer
- Excision and Grafting
- Adequate Nutrition
- Contractures
2 mins
Compartment Syndrome Assessment
- Mechanism
- Trauma
- Increased Pressure
- Compressed Nerves and Blood Vessels
- Assessment
- 1 or more of 6 P's
- Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
- Considerations
- May take Days to develop
- Early Detection
- Ischemia
- Damage often Irreversible
2 mins
Compartment Syndrome Interventions
- Interventions
- Frequent Neurovascular Assessments
- Evaluate Pain
- Do Not Elevate Extremity
- Remove or Loosen Restrictive Items
- Fasciotomy
- Amputation
- Considerations
- Infection
- Monitor Urine Output
2 mins
