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Aortic Stenosis

Age-related Calcifications

What is the most common cause of aortic stenosis?

Bicuspid Aortic Valve

Which of the following most likely predisposes a person to develop aortic stenosis earlier in life?

Crescendo-decrescendo Murmur

Which of the following is the most appropriate description of the murmur associated with aortic stenosis?

Systolic Murmur

Ejection Murmur

Ejection Click

Which of the following most likely indicates the presence of aortic stenosis?

Radiates to Carotids and Apex

Which of the following best describes what is expected of the murmur in aortic stenosis?

Pulsus Parvus et Tardus

Which of the following is the most appropriate finding associated with aortic stenosis?

Syncope

Which of the following most likely indicates a patient with aortic stenosis needs a valve replacement?

Helmet Cells

Which microscopic finding or histological description is associated with aortic stenosis?

Characteristics

Aortic Regurgitation

Diastolic Murmur

During auscultation, which of the following murmurs is most likely to be heard in patients with aortic regurgitation?

Immediate High-pitched

Which of the following auscultation characteristics best describes the typical diastolic murmur caused by aortic regurgitation?

Blowing Murmur

Wide Pulse Pressure

Which of the following physical findings is most likely to be seen in patients with aortic regurgitation?

Water Hammer Pulse

Which of the following signs is most likely associated with aortic regurgitation?

Head Bobbing

Which of the following physical findings is most commonly associated with aortic regurgitation?

Pulsating Nail Bed

During physical examination of the hands, which of the following findings is most likely associated with aortic regurgitation?

Can Cause Austin Flint Murmur

Which of the following statements or findings may be caused by aortic regurgitation?

Clinical Findings

Auscultation

Considerations

Tricuspid Regurgitation

Holosystolic

During your assessment of a patient with Tricuspid Regurgitation which of the following is most likely to be seen?

Radiates to Right Sternal Border

Enhanced by Inspiration

Mitral Stenosis

Murmur Follows Opening Snap

Which of the following is most likely a characteristic of the murmur of mitral stenosis?

Late Diastolic Murmur

Low-Pitched Rumbling

Enhanced by Expiration

Recurrent Attacks of Rheumatic Fever

Which of the following diseases or disorders is most likely associated with mitral stenosis?

Dilation of Left Atrium (LA)

Which of the following is most likely a result of mitral stenosis?

Mitral Regurgitation

Which of the following descriptions is most likely to be used during your assessment of a patient with mitral regurgitation?

Loudest at Apex

Radiates toward Axilla

During your assessment of a patient with mitral regurgitation what is true of the murmur?

Louder by Squatting

What is true of the murmur of mitral regurgitation?

Hand Grip

What action can accentuate the murmur of mitral regurgitation?

Expiration

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Continuous

The murmur of a patent ductus arteriosus can be best described as which of the following?

Machine like murmur

Often Due to Congenital Rubella

Which of the following is the most likely virus associated with patent ductus arteriosus?

Prematurity

Which of the following is a risk factor for having a patent ductus arteriosus?

Heart Murmurs

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