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Epidemiology & Biostatistics

First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 (2021)

6 - Public Health Sciences

Odds Ratio (OR)

Case Control Studies

Odds ratio (OR) is most commonly used in which of the following types of studies?

Measures Association Between an Exposure and an Outcome

Which of the following most closely describes the purpose of an odds ratio (OR)?

Formula

Odds of Exposure in Diseased (Sick) Group

Which of the following makes up the numerator in the equation for odds ratio (OR)?

a / c

In the equation for odds ratio (OR), which of the following expressions is used to calculate the numerator?

Divided /

In the equation for odds ratio (OR), which of the following mathematical operations is performed between the odds of exposure in the diseased and healthy groups?

Odds of Exposure in Healthy Group

Which of the following makes up the denominator in the equation for odds ratio (OR)?

b / d

In the equation for odds ratio (OR), which of the following expressions is used to calculate the denominator?

Interpretation

=1 Exposure does not affect odds

If exposure is not a risk factor for the outcome, then the odds ratio (OR) is most likely to be:

> 1 Exposure increases disease

If the odds of exposure is more for those with the outcome compared to those without the outcome, then the odds ratio (OR) is most likely to be:

< 1 Exposure decreases disease

Which of the following is correct regarding odds ratio?

Relative Risk (RR)

Used in Cohort Studies

Relative risk (RR) is most commonly used in which of the following types of studies?

Risk of Developing Disease

Which of the following best defines <b>relative risk (RR)</b>?

Equals =

Which of the following math symbols is most likely associated with relative risk (RR) and its relationship with the incident risk of exposed group divided by the incident risk of non-exposed group?

Exposed Group

When calculating relative risk (RR), which of the following groups represents the numerator?

a / (a + b)

When calculating relative risk (RR), which of the following mathematical expressions represents the exposed group?

Divided by /

When calculating relative risk (RR), which of the following mathematical operations is performed between the exposed and unexposed groups?

Unexposed Group

When calculating relative risk (RR), which of the following groups represents the denominator?

c / (c + d)

When calculating relative risk (RR), which of the following mathematical expressions represents the unexposed group?

When Low Prevalence Odds Ratio Approximates Relative Risk

Which of the following best describes the relationship between relative risk (RR) and prevalence?

Attributable Risk (AR)

Proportion Exposure Increases Disease

Incidence of Diseased (Sick)

Attributable risk is best described as correlating with what?

Choose the portion of the formula missing here for attributable risk. Attributable risk __________ incidence of disease in the exposed group - incidence of disease in the unexposed group.

Choose the portion of the formula missing here for attributable risk. Attributable risk = incidence of disease in the ______ - incidence of disease in the unexposed group.

Choose the portion of the formula missing here for attributable risk. Attributable risk = __________ - [c/(c+d)].

Minus -

Choose the portion of the formula missing here for attributable risk. Attributable risk = incidence of disease in the exposed group ________ incidence of disease in the unexposed group.

Choose the portion of the formula missing here for attributable risk. Attributable risk = incidence of disease in the exposed group - incidence of disease in the _________.

Choose the portion of the formula missing here for attributable risk. Attributable risk = [a/(a+b)] - _______.

Quantifying Risk: Contingency 2x2 Table Setup

Disease

The quantifying risk table examines how a particular exposure relates to what?

Along Top (x axis)

In the quantifying risk table, where is disease located?

Exposure

In quantifying risk table, disease is correlated with which of the following criteria?

Along Side (y axis)

In the quantifying risk table, where is exposure located?

A: Exposed and Diseased (Sick)

In the quantifying risk table, which group of patients is placed in the top left box?

B: Exposed and Healthy

In the quantifying risk table, which group of patients is placed in the top right box?

C: Not Exposed and Diseased (Sick)

In the quantifying risk table, which group of patients is placed in the bottom left box?

D: Not Exposed and Healthy

In the quantifying risk table, which group of patients is placed in the bottom right box?

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