Routes of Administration Part One
- Oral
- Sublingual
- Buccal
- Rectal
- Tubes
- Transdermal
- Drops/Spray
- Vaginal
- Inhalation
Routes of Administration Part Two (Parenteral)
- Intradermal
- Subcutaneous
- Intramuscular (IM)
- Intravenous
- Epidural
- Intrathecal
- Intraosseous
- Intraperitoneal
IV Solutions
- Hypotonic (< 280 mOsm/L)
- 1/4 Normal Saline (0.225% NaCl)
- 1/2 Normal Saline (0.45% NaCl)
- Isotonic (280-300 mOsm)
- Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)
- Lactated Ringer's (LR)
- Dextrose 5% in Water (D5W)
- Hypertonic (> 300 mOsm)
- 3% or 5% NaCl
- Dextrose 5% in 0.45% NaCl
- Dextrose 10% in Water (D10W)
IV Calculation Formulas
- Drop Factor
- Macrodrip
- Microdrip
- Total Volume to Infuse (mL) X Drop Factor/ Time in Minutes = Drops/Minute (gtt/min)
- Total Volume to Infuse / mL per Hour Being Infused = Infusion Time
- Total Volume in mL / Time in Hours = Number of mL per Hour
Parenteral Medications
- Fast-Acting
- Greatest Risk
- Common Injections Sites: Deltoid, Vastus Lateralis, Ventrogluteal, and Dorsogluteal Muscles
- Absorbed Fast
- Vaccines and Epinephrine
- 3 mL Limit
- Common Injections Sites: Abdomen, Arm, and Thigh
- Absorbed Slower
- Insulin and Hormones
- Small Volumes
- Common Injection Sites: Back of Forearm and Upper Back
- Longest to Absorb
- Tuberculosis and Allergy Testing
- Under 0.5 mL
Intramuscular Medication (IM) Administration
- Injury to Nerves, Bone, and Blood Vessels
- Deltoid
- Vastus Lateralis
- Ventrogluteal
- Selection of Needle Length
- Aseptic Technique for Drawing Up
- Z-Track
- 90 Degree Angle
- Max Amount (2-5 mL Adult, 1 mL Child)
- Techniques to Reduce Pain
Intradermal Medication Administration
- Tuberculin Screening
- Allergy Testing
- Dermis
- Inner Forearm or Upper Back
- 1mL Syringe (26 or 27 Gauge Needle)
- 5 to 15 Degrees
- Small Bleb