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Pathology | Nurse Practitioner (NP) School Study Aid
Nephritic Syndrome
- Inflammatory
- Hematuria
- RBC casts
- Increased Nitrogen in blood
- Oliguria
- Hypertension
- Proteinuria < 3.5 grams per day
2 mins
Nephrotic Syndrome
- Signs and Symptoms
- Massive Proteinuria > 3.5g per Day
- Edema
- Increased risk of infection
- Thromboembolism
- Hyperlipidemia
- Fatty casts
1 min
Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
- Pathophysiology
- Nephritic
- Children
- Signs and Symptoms
- Edema
- Cola Colored Urine
- Follows Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis or Skin Infection
- Diagnosis
- Neutrophils
- Immunofluorescence (IF) Granular
- Lumpy Bumpy Appearance on Immunofluorescence (IF)
- Subepithelial Immune Complex Humps
2 mins
Membranous Glomerulonephritis
- Characteristics
- Nephrotic
- Diagnosis
- LM Thickening of Capillary and Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM)
- EM Spike and Dome Appearance with Subepithelial Deposits
- IF Granular
- Primary
- Phospholipase A2 Receptor Autoantibodies
- Secondary
- NSAIDS
- Gold
- Solid Tumors
- Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
- Lupus
3 mins
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
- Nephritic-Nephrotic Syndrome
- Type I
- Subendothelial Immune Complexes
- Hepatitis C Virus
- Granular IF
- Tram Tracks Caused by Splitting of the GBM
- Ingrowth of Mesangium
- Type II
- Dense Deposit Disease
- C3 Nephritic Factor
2 mins
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
- Pathogenesis
- Nephritic Syndrome
- Crescent Shape
- Crescents Consist of Fibrin and C3b
- With Parietal Cells, Monocytes, and Macrophages
- IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
- Linear Immunofluorescence
- Negative Immunofluorescence
- Granular Immunofluorescence
- Etiology
- Goodpasture Syndrome
- Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Formerly Wegener's)
- Microscopic Polyangiitis
- Prognosis
- Poor Prognosis
3 mins
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
- Most Common Cause of Nephrotic Syndrome in Hispanic People and African Americans
- Associated with Sickle Cell Disease and HIV
- Associated Interferon Therapy and Heroin Abuse
- Histopathology
- LM Segmental Sclerosis and Hyalinosis
- EM Focal Damage of Visceral Epithelial Cells
- IF Negative
- Signs & Symptoms
- Microscopic Hematuria
- Nonselective Proteinuria
- Considerations
- Poor Prognosis
2 mins
Pyelonephritis Assessment
- Cause/Mechanism
- Ascending Urethral Bacteria
- Assessment
- Dysuria
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Flank Pain
- Costovertebral Tenderness
- Nausea and Vomiting
1 min
Pyelonephritis Interventions
- Urinalysis
- NSAIDs
- Antibiotics
- Increase Fluid Intake
- Avoid Catheterization
- Consideration
- Urosepsis
1 min
Kidney Transplant
- Indications
- End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
- Considerations
- Selective Candidacy
- Close Compatibility
- Immunosuppressants
- Monitor for Rejection
- Monitor for Infection
- Monitor Urine Output
2 mins
Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
- Cause
- Malignant Renal Tumor
- Assessment
- Abdominal Mass
- Hematuria
- Fever
- Hypertension
- Interventions
- Nephrectomy
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation
- Considerations
- Do Not Palpate Abdomen
- Children Under 5 Years Old
2 mins
Indications for Urgent Dialysis (AEIOU)
- Signs and Symptoms
- AEIOU Mnemonic
- Acidosis
- pH < 7.1
- Electrolyte Imbalances
- Symptomatic Hyperkalemia
- > 6.5 mEq/L
- Ingestion
- Overload (Volume)
- Uremia
- Encephalitis
- Pericarditis
2 mins
Casts in Urine (Differential Diagnosis)
- Characteristics
- RBC Casts
- Glomerular Disease
- WBC Casts
- Acute Interstitial Nephritis
- Acute Pyelonephritis
- Fatty Casts
- Maltese Cross Sign
- Nephrotic Syndrome
- Granular Muddy Brown Casts
- Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
- Waxy Casts
- End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) (Chronic Renal Failure)
- Hyaline Casts
- Non-Specific
2 mins
Fanconi Syndrome Characteristics
- Pathophysiology
- Resorption Defect in Proximal Tubule
- Signs and Symptoms
- Hypophosphatemia
- Rickets
- Osteomalacia
- Hypokalemia
- Metabolic Acidosis
- Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis
- Treatment
- Treat Underlying Disorder
- Bicarbonate
1 min
Fanconi Syndrome Causes
- Hereditary Causes
- Cystinosis
- Dent's Disease
- Wilson's Disease
- Oculocerebrorenal (Lowe) Syndrome
- Galactosemia
- Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
- Glycogen Storage Diseases
- Tyrosinemia
- Acquired and Medication Causes
- Tenofovir
- Heavy Metals
- Expired Tetracyclines
- Cisplatin
- Gentamycin (Aminoglycosides)
- Valproate Sodium
- Multiple Myeloma
2 mins
Minimal Change Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Nephrotic
- Most Common in Children
- May be Triggered by Recent Infection or Immune Stimulus
- Diagnosis
- On Electron Microscopy (EM) See Foot Process (Podocyte) Effacement
- On Light Microscopy (LM) See Normal Glomeruli
- Loss of Negative Charge
- Selective Loss of Albumin
- Treatment
- Responds to Corticosteroids
2 mins
Berger's Disease (IgA Nephropathy)
- Nephritic
- IgA Nephropathy
- Immune Complex Deposit in Mesangium
- Increased Synthesis of IgA
- Most Common Cause of Nephritic Syndrome
- Overlapping Features with Henoch–Schönlein Purpura
- Presents with Pharyngitis, URI or Acute Gastroenteritis
1 min
Alport Syndrome
- Pathophysiology
- Nephritic
- X-linked
- Mutation in Type IV Collagen
- Diagnosis
- Split Basement Membrane
- Basket Weave Appearance
- Signs and Symptoms
- Ocular Disorders
- Deafness
2 mins
Amyloidosis
- Etiologies
- Primary
- Multiple Myeloma
- Secondary
- Tuberculosis (TB)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Pathology
- Congo Red Stain
- Apple Green Birefringence
- Complications
- Nephrotic Syndrome
2 mins
Respiratory Acidosis
- Hypoventilation
- Increased PaCO2 > 45
- Barbiturates Depress Central Respiratory Center of Brain
- Opioids Depress Central Respiratory Center of the Brain
- Airway Obstruction
- Respiratory Muscle Weakness/Paralysis
3 mins
Respiratory Alkalosis
- Hyperventilation
- High Altitude
- Aspirin
- Restrictive Lung Disease
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Pregnancy
- Progesterone
- Rib Fracture
- Anxiety
2 mins
Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
- Pathophysiology
- Increased Anion Gap
- MUDPILES
- Methanol
- Uremia
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Propylene Glycol
- Isoniazid or Iron
- Lactic Acid
- Ethylene Glycol
- Salicylates
1 min
Normal Gap Metabolic Acidosis
- HARD-ASS
- Hyperalimentation
- Addison's Disease
- Renal Tubular Acidosis
- Diarrhea
- Acetazolamide
- Spironolactone
- Saline Infusion
2 mins
Metabolic Alkalosis
- Diuretic use
- Vomiting
- Antacid
- Hyperaldosteronism
26 secs
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
- Most Common Cause Of Lower Urinary Tract Cancer
- Risk factors
- Cyclophosphamide
- P-SAC
- Cigarette Smoke
- Azo Dyes, Alcohol, Anilines (Dyes, Rubber)
- Older Adult
- Signs and Symptoms
- Painless Hematuria
3 mins
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (Type I)
- Pathophysiology
- Distal Tube
- Defect in H+ Secretion
- Labs
- Increased Urinary pH
- Urinary pH >5.5
- Hypokalemia
- Causes
- Amphotericin B Toxicity
- Autoimmune Disease
- Lithium
- Obstruction Of The Urinary Tract
- Complication
- Kidney Stones
- Treatment
- Bicarbonate
3 mins
Syndrome Of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (SAME)
- Pathophysiology
- 11 Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency
- Elevated Cortisol
- Low Renin
- Low Aldosterone
- Causes
- Autosomal-Recessive
- Licorice (glycyrrhetinic acid) Ingestion
- Signs & Symptoms
- Hypertension
- Hypokalemia
- Metabolic Alkalosis
- Treatment
- Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
4 mins
Gitelman Syndrome
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Recessive
- Defective Sodium-Chloride Cotransporter in Distal Tubule
- Mechanism Mimics Thiazide Diuretics
- Clinical Presentation
- Cramping and Tetany
- Severe Fatigue
- Polyuria
- Diagnosis
- Hypokalemia
- Metabolic Alkalosis
- High Urine Chloride
- Treatment
- Electrolyte Supplements
- Spironolactone
4 mins
Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis
- Proximal Tubule
- Pathophysiology
- Inability To Reabsorb Bicarbonate
- ETIOLOGY
- Fanconi Syndrome
- Sporadic Type
- Familial Types
- Autosomal Recessive
- Acetazolamide
- Characteristics
- Decreased Urinary pH
- Hypokalemia
- Treatments
- Treat Underlying Disorder
- Alkali Therapy
4 mins
Renal Tubular Acidosis Type 4
- Characteristics
- Aldosterone Resistance
- Decreased Aldosterone Production
- Causes Of Hypoaldosteronism
- Addison’s Disease (Primary Adrenal Insufficiency)
- Hyporeninism
- Causes Of Aldosterone Resistance
- Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
- Potassium Sparing Diuretics
- Labs
- Hyperkalemia
- Low Urine pH
- Diminished Ammonium (NH4) Urinary Excretion
- Treatment
- Furosemide
- Fludrocortisone
5 mins
Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis (DPGN)
- Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndrome
- Associations
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- IgA Nephropathy
- Characteristics
- Wire Looping
- IF Granular
- Subendothelial Immune Complexes
- Subepithelial Immune Complexes
- C3 Deposition
- Treatment
- Treat Underlying Disorder
- Steroids
2 mins
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder Clinical Features
- Risk Factors
- Smoking
- Chronic Cystitis
- Schistosoma
- Chronic Nephrolithiasis
- Clinical Findings
- Painless Hematuria
- Urinary Frequency and Urgency
1 min
Potter Sequence
- PATHOGENESIS
- Oligohydramnios
- clinical findings
- Limb Deformities
- Facial Anomalies
- Pulmonary Hypoplasia (Most Common Cause of Death)
- Etiologies
- Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
- Posterior Urethral Valves
- Chronic Placental Insufficiency
- Bilateral Renal Agenesis
3 mins
Liddle Syndrome
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Dominant
- Collecting Duct
- Gain of Function Mutation in Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC)
- Excess Na+ and H2O Reabsorption
- Clinical Features
- Decreased Renin
- Decreased Aldosterone
- Hypertension with Hypokalemia
- Metabolic Alkalosis
- Pseudohyperaldosteronism
- Treatment
- Amiloride and Triamterene
3 mins
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder Diagnosis and Management
- Diagnosis
- Urinalysis
- CT Urography
- Cystoscopy with Biopsy
- Management
- Surgery
- Radiation
- Chemotherapy
2 mins
Bartter Syndrome
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Recessive
- Thick Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle
- Defective NKCC Cotransporter
- Decreased Na+ Reabsorption
- Decreased Ca2+ Reabsorption
- Increased Aldosterone
- Clinical Features
- Hypovolemia
- Polyuria and Polydipsia
- Metabolic Alkalosis
- Mimics Loop Diuretics
- Nephrolithiasis
- Treatment
- Spironolactone (Aldactone)
4 mins
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
- Characteristics
- Autosomal Dominant
- Mutations in PKD1/2
- Cystic Enlargement of Renal Tubules
- Clinical Features
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Hypertension
- Mitral Valve Prolapse
- Hepatic Cysts
- Berry (Saccular) Aneurysms
3 mins
Renal Oncocytoma
- Characteristics
- Benign Epithelial Tumor
- Central Radial Scar
- Excessive Mitochondria
- Renal Cortex
- Clinical Features
- Hematuria
- Flank Pain
- Abdominal Mass
- Considerations
- Malignant Transformation
- Surgical Resection
2 mins
Nephrolithiasis Diagnosis and Management
- Diagnosis
- Urinalysis with Culture
- Noncontrast CT
- Ultrasound
- Management
- < 10 mm
- Supportive Care
- 10-20 mm
- Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
- Ureteroscopy
- > 20 mm
- Surgery
2 mins
Nephrolithiasis Stone Types (Part 1/2)
- Calcium Oxalate
- Calcium Oxalate
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Ethylene Glycol
- Vitamin C
- "Dumbbell", Bipyramidal, or Octahedral-shaped
- Radiopaque
- Uric Acid
- Uric Acid
- Gout
- Tumor Lysis Syndrome
- Rhomboidal, Rosette, or Needle-shaped
- Radiolucent
- Decreased Urine pH
2 mins
Nephrolithiasis Stone Types (Part 2/2)
- Struvite
- Struvite (Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate)
- Urinary Tract Infections
- "Coffin Lid" Appearance
- Radiopaque
- Increased Urine pH
- Calcium Phosphate
- Calcium Phosphate
- Hypercalcemia
- Wedge-shaped Prisms
- Radiopaque
- Increased Urine pH
2 mins
