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Pathology Medical (MD/DO) School Study Aid
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
- Used for Diabetes Screening
- Fasting State
- Samples Drawn
- Baseline
- Normal < 100 mg/dL
- 30 and 60 Minutes
- Normal < 200 mg/dL
- 120 Minutes
- Normal < 140 mg/dL
2 mins
Diabetes Assessment
- Assessment Type 1
- Juvenile Onset
- Absent Insulin Production
- Ketosis Prone
- Assessment Type 2
- Adult Onset
- Insulin Resistance
- Obesity
- Gestational Diabetes
- Onset During Pregnancy
- Glucose Intolerance
- Complications
- Retinopathy
- Peripheral Vascular Disease
- Nephropathy
- Neuropathy
2 mins
Diabetes Insipidus Assessment
- Polyuria
- Nocturia
- Low Specific Gravity (USG)
- Polydipsia
- Dehydration
- Hypotension
- Tachycardia
- Confusion
2 mins
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Signs and Symptoms
- Kussmaul respirations
- Dehydration
- Abdominal Pain
- Nausea/vomiting
- Psychosis
- Fruity breath Odor
1 min
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Diagnosis and Labs
- Diagnosis
- Blood glucose Increased > 250 mg/dL
- Anion gap metabolic acidosis
- Decreased pH < 7.3
- Decreased serum bicarbonate < 18
- Plasma ketones
- Other Labs
- Hyperkalemia
1 min
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Treatment
- Initial Management
- IV Normal Saline
- Regular Insulin Drip
- Subsequent Management (correction of electrolytes)
- Potassium (K+)
- Glucose
- Treat Underlying Cause
- Monitoring
- Venous pH
- Serum Bicarbonate (HCO3)
1 min
Diabetic Glomerulonephropathy
- Pathophysiology
- Nonenzymatic Glycosylation of Glomerular Basement Membrane
- Nonenzymatic Glycosylation of Arterioles
- Hyperfiltration
- Increased GFR
- Histological Findings
- Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis
- Mesangial Expansion
- Type IV Collagen Deposition
- Kimmelstiel Wilson Lesions
- Presentation
- Nephrotic
2 mins
Dawn Phenomenon
- Cause/Mechanism
- Increased Hormone Production
- Assessment
- Hyperglycemia Upon Awakening
- Interventions
- Long-Acting Evening Insulin
- Change Administration Times
- Insulin Pump
- Considerations
- Closely Monitor Glucose Levels
- Between 2-6AM
- Limit Carbohydrates Before Bedtime
2 mins
Corrected Na+ for Hyperglycemia
- Equation
- [(Glucose-100) * 0.016 ] + Na+
- Steps
- Glucose-100
- Multiply * 0.016
- Add Na+
1 min
Diabetes Education
- Self-Monitoring (Blood Glucose)
- SubQ Injection Technique
- Lifestyle Changes
- Symptoms of Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia
- Sick Day Care
- Foot Care
- Exercise Therapy
- Medication
1 min
Metabolic Syndrome
- Assessment
- Dyslipidemia
- Central Obesity
- Insulin Resistance
- Hypertension
- Increased C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
- Increased Fibrinogen
- Considerations
- Increased Risk Cardiovascular Disease
1 min
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