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Nervous System | Medical (MD/DO) School Study Aid
Causes of Dementia
- Reversible Causes
- Intoxication or Medications
- Depression
- Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Metabolic Conditions
- Irreversible Causes
- Lewy Body Disease
- Prion Disease
- Pick's Disease
- AIDS Dementia
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Multi-infarct (Vascular) Dementia
2 mins
5 A's of Alzheimer's Disease
- Agnosia
- Anomia
- Aphasia
- Apraxia
- Amnesia
1 min
Parkinson's Disease Assessment
- Assessment
- Decreased Dopamine
- Older Adult
- Cogwheel Rigidity
- Bradykinesia
- Shuffling Gait
- Resting Tremor
- Pill-Rolling
- Mask-Like Face
- Cognitive Decline
2 mins
Parkinson's Drugs
- Parkinsons Characteristics
- Decreased Dopamine
- Increased Acetylcholine
- Drug Names
- BALSA Acronym
- Bromocriptine
- Amantadine
- Levodopa
- Selegiline
- Antimuscarinics
2 mins
Parkinson's Disease Interventions
- Medications
- Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
- Entacapone (Comtan)
- Selegiline (Eldepryl)
- Amantadine (Symmetrel)
- Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
- Benztropine (Cogentin)
- Considerations
- Allow Extra Time
- Drug Holiday
- Ensure Patient Safety
- Surgery As Last Resort
2 mins
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Assessment
- Progressive Muscle Weakness
- Systemic Muscle Wasting
- Fasciculations
- Spasticity
- Fatigue
- Considerations
- Riluzole (Rilutek)
- Moderate Exercise
- No Cognitive Decline
- Respiratory Support
- Palliative Care
2 mins
Huntington's Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Dominant
- Trinucleotide Repeat
- CAG Repeats
- Chromosome 4
- Anticipation
- Caudate
- Decrease of ACh
- Decrease of GABA
- Signs and Symptoms
- Chorea
- Dementia
- Depression
- Glutamate Toxicity
- Neuronal Death via NMDA Binding
3 mins
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
- Mechanism
- Elderly
- Idiopathic
- Decreased Absorption of CSF
- Ventricular Enlargement
- Symptom Triad
- Urinary Incontinence
- Ataxia (Gait)
- Cognitive Dysfunction
2 mins
Cauda Equina Syndrome
- Acute Loss of Lumbar Plexus Function
- Surgical Emergency
- Saddle Anesthesia
- Causes
- Inflammatory Disorders
- Spinal Stenosis
- Trauma
- Lesions
- Symptoms
- Urinary and Fecal Incontinence
- Sciatica
- Diagnosis
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Clinical
1 min
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
- Bilateral Amygdala Lesion
- Associated with HSV-1
- Hyperorality
- Hypersexuality
- Disinhibited Behavior
1 min
Lewy Bodies
- Pathophysiology
- Alpha-synuclein Defect
- Eosinophilic Cytoplasmic Inclusion
- Associated Pathologies
- Parkinson's Disease
- Lewy Body Dementia
56 secs
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
- Cause/Mechanism
- Maternal Infections
- Fetal Hypoxia
- Assessment
- Developmental Delay
- Neurological Dysfunction
- Spasticity
- Dysphagia
- Interventions
- Muscle Relaxants
- Muscle Exercises
- Assistive Devices
- Braces
2 mins
Hemiballismus
- Presentation
- Involuntary Flailing Movements on One Side of Body
- Upper and Lower Extremities Move Together
- May Affect Facial Muscles
- Worsened by Activity, Improved at Rest
- Causes
- Dysfunction of Basal Ganglia
- Contralateral Subthalamic Nucleus
- Stroke is the Most Common Cause
- Trauma
- Neoplasm
- Treatment
- Dopamine Blockers
4 mins
Essential Tremor
- Epidemiology
- Most Common Tremor in Adults
- Often Familial
- Clinical Manifestations
- Typically Affects Bilateral Upper Extremities
- More Apparent When Holding Fixed Posture
- More Apparent With Goal-Directed Movements Such as Using Eating Utensils
- Less Apparent With Relaxation and Alcohol
- Management
- Beta Blockers
3 mins
Rett Syndrome
- Pathogenesis
- Sporadic Neurological Disorder
- De Novo Mutation of MECP2 on X Chromosome
- RISK FACTORS & SYMPTOMS
- Seen Almost Exclusively In Girls
- Affected Males Die in Utero or Shortly After Birth
- Symptoms Usually Appear Between Ages 1-4
- Developmental Regression
- Motor Impairment
- Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation)
- Loss of Verbal Abilities
- Seizure
- Stereotyped Hand Wringing
- Decelerated Head Growth (Microcephaly)
- Breathing Problems
- Ataxia
5 mins
Intention Tremor
- More Apparent With Goal-Directed Movements Such as Using Eating Utensils
- High-Amplitude, Low-Frequency
- More Apparent as Extremity Approaches Target
- Overshooting and Undershooting
- Pathogenesis
- Ipsilateral Cerebellar Damage
- Diagnosis
- Neurologic Exam
- MRI
- Treatment
- Physical or Occupational Therapy
3 mins
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
- CN V (Trigeminal Nerve)
- Characteristics
- Stabbing Unilateral Facial Pain
- Trigger Zones
- Psychological Disturbances
- Bizarre Facial Movements
- More Common in Women
- Classification
- Classical
- Secondary
- Idiopathic
- DIAGNOSIS
- Diagnosis by Clinical Impression
- MRI
- Treatment
- Carbamazepine
- Surgery As Last Resort
4 mins
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
- Pathophysiology
- Misfolded Prion Protein
- Spongiform Encephalopathy
- Subtypes
- Sporadic Type
- Familial Type
- Variant Type
- Iatrogenic Type
- Clinical Manifestations
- Rapidly Progressive
- Dementia
- Ataxia
- Myoclonus
- Diagnosis
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Increased Levels of 14-3-3 Protein
- Periodic Sharp Waves On EEG
- Management
- Supportive Care
4 mins
Charcot Marie Tooth Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy
- Autosomal Dominant
- PMP22 Duplication
- Schwann Cell Dysfunction
- Clinical Features
- Distal Muscle Weakness
- Foot Drop
- Calf Muscle Atrophy
- Scoliosis
- Hammertoes
- Pes Cavus
- Diagnosis
- Onion-skin Appearance on Nerve Biopsy
- Electrodiagnostic Studies
5 mins
Chorea and Athetosis
- Characteristics
- Sudden Jerky Movements
- Athetosis
- Snake-like, Writhing Movements
- Basal Ganglia Lesions
- Associations
- Huntington's Disease
- Acute Rheumatic Fever
- Management
- Treat Underlying Disorder
- Tetrabenazine
1 min
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