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Medicine (MD/DO)
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USMLE Step 2
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Endocrinology
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Mineral & Bone Disorders

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Endocrinology | Medicine (MD/DO) School Study Aid

Mineral & Bone Disorders
15 Picmonics to Learn | 29 mins
Acromegaly Assessment
Mechanism
Excess Growth Hormone (GH)
Signs and Symptoms
Protruding Jaw
Large Lips and Nose
Hearing Loss
Enlargement of Hands and Feet
Vision Changes and Headache
Joint Pain
Peripheral Neuropathy
Hyperglycemia
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2 mins
Hypocalcemia Causes
Hypoalbuminemia
Hypomagnesemia (Less Common Hypermagnesemia)
Hypovitaminosis D
Hypoparathyroidism
Medications
Hyperphosphatemia
Malnutrition
Acute Pancreatitis
Alkalosis
Sepsis
Chronic Kidney Disease
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2 mins
Hypocalcemia
Muscle Spasms
Assessment
< 8.5 mg/dL Ca2+
Decreased Bone Density
Tetany
Chvostek's Sign
Trousseau's Sign
Increased DTR
ECG Changes
QT Prolongation
Considerations
Oral and IV Replacement of Ca2+
Seizure Precautions
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2 mins
Hypocalcemia Treatments
Characteristics
Treat Underlying Disorder
Acute Treatments
IV Calcium Gluconate
Cardioprotective
Chronic Treatments
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Citrate
Vitamin D Supplements
Considerations
Treat Hypomagnesemia
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2 mins
Hypercalcemia Causes
Two CHIMPANZEES Acronym
Thyroid Disorders
Calcium Supplements
Hyperparathyroidism
Iatrogenic (Drugs, immobility)
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
Paget's Disease of Bone
Acromegaly or Addison's Disease
Neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Excessive Vitamin A
Excessive Vitamin D
Sarcoidosis
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2 mins
Hypercalcemia
Assessment
> 10.5 mg/dL Ca2+
Pathologic Fractures
Lethargy
Hypercoagulation
Constipation
ECG Changes
QT Shortening
Interventions
No Calcium Intake
Chelating Drugs
Calcitonin
Bisphosphonates
Loop Diuretics instead of Thiazide Diuretics
Considerations
Increased Risk for Renal Calculi
Increase Fluids
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3 mins
Hypercalcemia Treatments
Treat Underlying Disorder
Hydration
Dialysis
Calcium Restriction
Bisphosphonates
Calcitonin
Cinacalcet
Glucocorticosteroids
Denosumab
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2 mins
Vitamin D Deficiency
Signs & Symptoms
Rickets in children
Bending bones
Rachitic rosary
Breast milk has decreased vitamin D
Osteomalacia in adults
Tetany from Hypocalcemia
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2 mins
Osteoporosis Assessment
Highest Risk
Postmenopausal Women
Long Term Corticosteroids
Assessment
Kyphosis
Dowager's Hump
Loss of Height
Back Pain
Pathologic Fractures
Spinal Compression Fracture
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1 min
Osteoporosis Interventions
Increased Calcium Intake
Vitamin D Supplements
Bisphosphonates
Raloxifene
Denosumab
Calcitonin
Teriparatide
Bone Densitometry (DEXA) Scan
Weight Bearing Exercises
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2 mins
Osteopetrosis (Marble Bone Disease)
Pathophysiology
Defective Osteoclast Resorption
Carbonic Anhydrase II Mutation
Lack of Acidic Environment
Symptoms
Fractures
Nerve Palsies
Diagnosis
Myelophthisic Anemia
Erlenmeyer Flask Bones
Normal ALP and PTH
Normal Calcium and Phosphorus
Bone-in-bone Appearance
Treatment
Bone Marrow Transplant
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2 mins
Paget's Disease of Bone
Pathophysiology
Men > Age 40
Increased Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity
Mosaic Pattern
Signs and Symptoms
Increased Skull Diameter
Hearing Loss
Fractures
Bone Ache and Joint Pain
High Output Heart Failure
Diagnosis
Bone Scan
Normal Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcium
Elevated ALP
Treatment
Bisphosphonate
Calcitonin
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2 mins
Renal Osteodystrophy
Pathophysiology
Chronic Kidney Disease
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypocalcemia
Decreased Calcitriol
Clinical Features
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Management
Treating Underlying Disorder
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2 mins
Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1A
Characteristics
Defect in PTH Receptor
Increased PTH
Hypocalcemia and Hyperphosphatemia
Autosomal Dominant
Mutation in GNAS Gene
Maternal Imprinting
Clinical Features
Short Stature
Shortened 4th Fingers
Developmental Delay
Subcutaneous Calcifications
Tetany
Seizures
Management
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation
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3 mins
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Characteristics
Hypocalcemia or Hyperphosphatemia
Increased Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Increased Alkaline Phosphatase (ALK-P)
Reactive Parathyroid Hyperplasia
Etiologies
Chronic Kidney Disease
Vitamin D Deficiency
Diagnosis
Laboratory Tests
Management
Treat Underlying Disorder
Phosphate Binders
Vitamin D Supplements
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2 mins

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