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Pathology | Medical (MD/DO) School Study Aid
Bleeding Time Lab Values
- 2-7 Minutes
40 secs
Glanzmann Thrombasthenia
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Recessive or Acquired as an Autoimmune Disorder
- Deficiency of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (Gp IIb/IIIa) Receptor
- Defective Platelet-to-Platelet Aggregation
- Symptoms
- Mucous Membrane Bleeding (Gingival Bleeding)
- Easy Bruising
- Increased Bleeding Time
- Normal Platelet Count
- Considerations
- Avoid NSAIDs
2 mins
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
- Mechanism
- Autosomal Recessive
- Deficiency of Glycoprotein Ib (GpIb) Receptor
- Symptoms
- Mucosal Membrane Bleeding
- Menorrhagia
- Easy Bruising
- Labs
- Large Platelets
- Increased Bleeding Time
- No Platelet Agglutination with Ristocetin
3 mins
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
- Inhibition or deficiency of ADAMTS 13
- vWF Multimers are not degraded
- Microthrombi (and Emboli)
- Symptoms
- FAT RN Pentad
- Fever
- Anemia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Renal Dysfunction
- Neurologic Abnormalities (Altered Mental status)
- Treatment
- Plasmapheresis
- Corticosteroids
- Splenectomy
2 mins
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
- Children
- Pathophysiology
- Preceded by Acute Diarrheal Illness
- Endothelial Damage
- Classic Triad of Symptoms
- Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA)
- Thrombocytopenia
- Renal Failure
- Labs
- Helmet cells
- LDH
- Treatment
- Dialysis
- Supportive
2 mins
Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)
- Pathophysiology
- 5-10 Days After Heparin Exposure
- Heparin-Platelet Factor 4 Complex
- Autoantibodies Form Against Complex
- Heparin-Platelet Factor 4-Antibody Complex Binds Platelets
- Platelet Aggregation
- Procoagulant Release
- Symptoms
- Thrombocytopenia
- Diagnosis
- Serotonin Release Assay (SRA)
- Treatment
- Stop Heparin, Start Direct Thrombin Inhibitor
2 mins
Hemophilia
- Cause/Mechanism
- Genetic Mutation
- Assessment
- Prolonged Bleeding
- Pain
- Hemarthrosis
- Interventions
- Clotting Factor Replacement Therapy
- DDAVP (Desmopressin Acetate)
- Antifibrinolytic Therapy
- Analgesics
- Considerations
- Genetic Counseling
- Prevent Injury
3 mins
Von Willebrand Disease
- Mixed platelet and coagulation disorder
- Mechanism
- Autosomal Dominant Condition Leading to Reduced vWF
- Defect in platelet plug formation
- Labs
- Increased Bleeding Time
- PTT increased
- Factor VIII decreased
- Normal platelet count
- Treatment
- DDAVP (synthetic vasopressin)
1 min
Protein C or S Deficiency
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Dominant
- Inability to Inactivate Factor Va and VIIIa
- Symptoms
- Hypercoagulable State
- Recurrent DVTs or DVTs at Young Age
- Treatment
- Begin Heparin
- Slowly Bridge to Warfarin
- Hemorrhagic Skin Necrosis
2 mins
Polycythemia Vera Disease
- Pathophysiology
- JAK2 Mutation leading to increased red blood cells
- Tyrosine Kinase
- Symptoms
- Erythromelalgia
- Pruritus
- Often After Hot Shower
- Headache
- Treatment
- Phlebotomy
- Aspirin
1 min
Polycythemia Vera Labs
- Lab Findings (The 4 H's)
- Hypervolemia
- Histaminemia
- Hyperviscosity
- Hyperuricemia
- Diagnosis
- Elevated Hemoglobin or Hematocrit
- Positive Jak2 Mutation
1 min
Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia
- Pathophysiology
- Most Common Genetic Clotting Disorder in Caucasians
- Genetic Point Mutation
- Glutamine Replaces Arginine
- Mutant Factor V
- Resistant to Degradation by Activated Protein C
- Symptoms
- Hypercoagulability
- Recurrent DVT (Increased Risk of Thromboembolism)
- Considerations
- Avoid Oral Contraceptives
- Caution During Pregnancy
2 mins
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Diagnosis and Clinical Features
- IM DAMN SHARP acronym
- Immunoglobulins
- Malar rash
- Discoid rash
- Antinuclear antibody
- Mucositis
- Neurologic disorders
- Serositis
- Hematologic disorders
- Arthritis
- Renal disorders
- Photosensitivity
2 mins
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Mechanism, Treatment and Complications
- Mechanism and Characteristics
- Systemic Autoimmune Disease
- 9:1 female to male ratio
- Treatment
- Glucocorticoids
- NSAIDS
- Hydroxychloroquine
- Cyclophosphamide
- Complications
- Lupus nephritis
- Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
- Secondary Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
- Other
- Drug-induced lupus
2 mins
Stages of Hypothermia
- Mild
- 32 to 35°C (90 to 95°F)
- Shivering
- Moderate
- 28 to 32°C (82 to 90°F)
- Obvious Motor Impairment
- Slowed Thinking
- Severe
- < 28°C (< 82°F)
- Shivering Stops
- Paradoxical Undressing
- Arrhythmias
3 mins
Hypothermia Interventions
- Remove From Environment
- Remove Wet Clothing
- Passive Rewarming
- Warm Clothing
- Active Rewarming
- Heated Blankets
- Warm IV Solutions
- Heated Oxygen
- Warm Gastric Lavage
- Considerations
- Warm Trunk BEFORE Extremities
2 mins
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
- Features
- Most Common Cause of Thrombocytopenia
- IgG Against Platelet GPIIb/IIIa
- Acute: Children After Viral Infection or Immunization
- Chronic: Women of Childbearing Age
- Clinical Presentation
- Bleeding
- Petechiae
- Isolated Thrombocytopenia
- Diagnosis
- Increased Megakaryocytes on Bone Marrow Biopsy
- Diagnosis of Exclusion
- Management
- Corticosteroids
- IVIG
- Splenectomy in Refractory Cases
6 mins
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- Characteristics/Manifestations
- Caused by Antibodies Against Phospholipid-Associated Proteins
- Recurrent Thromboembolisms
- Recurrent Miscarriage
- Most Commonly Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Diagnosis
- Anticardiolipin Antibody
- Anti-Beta-2-Glycoprotein-1 Antibody
- Lupus Anticoagulant
- Treatment
- Warfarin in Patients with Recurrent Thrombosis
3 mins
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Characteristics
- Mechanism
- Virchow's Triad
- Venous Stasis
- Endothelial Damage
- Hypercoagulability
- Symptoms
- Tenderness
- Homan's Sign
- Warmth
- Redness
- Swelling
- Asymptomatic
1 min
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Management
- Diagnosis
- Compression Ultrasound (CUS) with Doppler
- D-Dimer
- Contrast Venography
- Treatment
- IVC Filter
- Heparin for Acute Management
- Warfarin for Long-term Management
- Thrombectomy/Thrombolysis
- Stockings
- Walking
4 mins
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