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USMLE Step 1

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Indications for Urgent Dialysis (AEIOU)

Signs and Symptoms

AEIOU Mnemonic

Which of the following is an acronym or mnemonic associated with indications for urgent dialysis?

Acidosis

What does the A stand for in the AEIOU mnemonic for indications for urgent dialysis?

pH < 7.1

What best describes the pH range at which cell death is most likely to occur?

Electrolyte Imbalances

What does the E stand for in the AEIOU mnemonic for indications for urgent dialysis?

Symptomatic Hyperkalemia

Which electrolyte abnormality is most likely an indication for dialysis?

> 6.5 mEq/L

What best describes the potassium range at which cardiac arrest is most likely to occur?

Ingestion

What does the I stand for in the AEIOU mnemonic for indications for urgent dialysis?

Overload (Volume)

What does the O stand for in the AEIOU mnemonic for indications for urgent dialysis?

Uremia

What does the U stand for in the AEIOU mnemonic for indications for urgent dialysis?

Encephalitis

What condition is most likely to be seen with uremia?

Pericarditis

Casts in Urine (Differential Diagnosis)

Characteristics

RBC Casts

During your assessment of a patient with urinary casts which of the following is most likely to be seen in a patient with Glomerular Disease?

Glomerular Disease

During your assessment of a patient with RBC urinary casts which of the following is most likely correlated?

WBC Casts

During your assessment of a patient with urinary casts which of the following is most likely to be seen with acute pyelonephritis?

Acute Interstitial Nephritis

During your assessment of a patient with WBC urinary casts which of the following is most likely correlation?

Acute Pyelonephritis

Fatty Casts

During your assessment of a patient with urinary casts which of the following is most likely to be seen with nephrotic syndrome?

Maltese Cross Sign

Which microscopic finding or histological description is associated with fatty urinary casts?

Nephrotic Syndrome

During your assessment of a patient with fatty urinary casts which of the following is most likely correlation?

Granular Muddy Brown Casts

During your assessment of a patient with urinary casts which of the following is most likely to be seen with acute tubular necrosis?

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

During your assessment of a patient with granular muddy brown urinary casts which of the following is most likely correlation?

Waxy Casts

During your assessment of a patient with urinary casts which of the following is most likely to be seen with ESRD?

End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)  (Chronic Renal Failure)

During your assessment of a patient with waxy urinary casts which of the following is most likely correlation?

Hyaline Casts

Which of the following is most likely to be a nonspecific finding of disease relating to urinary casts?

Non-Specific

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for a patient with hyaline urinary casts?

Fanconi Syndrome Characteristics

Pathophysiology

Resorption Defect in Proximal Tubule

What is the most likely pathophysiology of Fanconi syndrome?

Hypophosphatemia

Which of the following symptoms, clinical features, or disorders is most commonly seen with Fanconi syndrome?

Rickets

Osteomalacia

Hypokalemia

Metabolic Acidosis

Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis

Treatment

Treat Underlying Disorder

Management of Fanconi syndrome most likely consists of which of the following descriptors?

Bicarbonate

Management of Fanconi syndrome most likely consists of using which of the following treatments?

Fanconi Syndrome Causes

Hereditary Causes

Cystinosis

Which of the following is a common cause of Fanconi syndrome?

Dent's Disease

Wilson's Disease

Oculocerebrorenal (Lowe) Syndrome

Galactosemia

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Glycogen Storage Diseases

Tyrosinemia

Acquired and Medication Causes

Tenofovir

Heavy Metals

Expired Tetracyclines

Cisplatin

Gentamycin (Aminoglycosides)

Valproate Sodium

Multiple Myeloma

Syndrome Of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (SAME)

11 Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency

<b id="docs-internal-guid-c39fcd1b-7fff-4bc8-1bf4-acf3fded1db9">What is the main cause of the Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (SAME)?<br></b>

Elevated Cortisol

Which of the following lab findings would you expect in a patient with syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME)?

Autosomal-Recessive

How is the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid deficiency inherited?

Low Aldosterone&nbsp;

Which of the following lab findings would you expect in a patient with syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess?

Licorice (glycyrrhetinic acid) Ingestion

Which of the following is an acquired cause of Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess?

Low Renin

Which of the following is a lab finding you would expect in the Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess?

Causes

Signs & Symptoms

Hypertension

Which of the following is a clinical sign in a patient with syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME)?

Which of the following is a lab finding expected in a patient with syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess?

Metabolic Alkalosis

Which of the following is a lab finding in a patient with syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME)?

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Which of the following is a treatment for the syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess?

Potter Sequence

Oligohydramnios

Which one of these is the main cause of the clinical findings in Potter sequence?

Limb Deformities

Which one of these is a clinical finding in Potter sequence?

Pulmonary Hypoplasia (Most Common Cause of Death)

What is the most common cause of death in patients with Potter sequence?

Etiologies

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)

Which one of these congenital disorders can cause Potter Sequence?

Posterior Urethral Valves

Which one of these urethtral anomalies can lead to Potter sequence?

Bilateral Renal Agenesis

Which one of these genetic disorders can cause Potter Sequence?

Chronic Placental Insufficiency

Which one of&nbsp; these complications of pregnancy can cause Potter sequence?

PATHOGENESIS

clinical findings

Facial Anomalies

Liddle Syndrome

Collecting Duct

What part of the nephron is predominantly affected in Liddle Syndrome?

Gain of Function Mutation in Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC)

Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Liddle Syndrome?

Clinical Features

Hypertension with Hypokalemia

Which of the following is most likely to be seen in a patient with Liddle Syndrome?

Excess Na+ and H2O Reabsorption

Which of the following is correct regarding Liddle Syndrome?&nbsp;

Decreased Renin

Decreased Aldosterone

Amiloride and Triamterene

Which of the following are&nbsp;the medications of choice for Liddle Syndrome?

Autosomal Dominant

Which of the following best describes the inheritance pattern&nbsp;of Liddle Syndrome?

Which of the following is a finding/symptom of Liddle Syndrome?

Pseudohyperaldosteronism

Which of the following best describes Liddle Syndrome?

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder Diagnosis and Management

CT Urography

Of the following tests, which one uses intravenous contrast to view the upper urinary tract?

Management

Urinalysis

Of the following tests, which one is routinely performed to screen for bladder cancer?&nbsp;

Cystoscopy with Biopsy

Which of the following is commonly used in the workup of bladder cancer?

Diagnosis

Radiation

Which of the following is a first-line surgical treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder?&nbsp;

Chemotherapy

Which of the following is used to treat patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder?&nbsp;

Surgery

If squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is found to be invasive, which of the following treatments is performed?&nbsp;

Bartter Syndrome

Thick Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle

What region of the nephron does Bartter Syndrome primarily affect?

Defective NKCC Cotransporter

Which of the following represents the pathophysiology of Bartter Syndrome?&nbsp;

Decreased Na+ Reabsorption

Which of the following features may be seen in a patient with Bartter Syndrome?&nbsp;

Decreased Ca2+&nbsp;Reabsorption

Polyuria and Polydipsia

Which of the following may be seen in a patient with Bartter Syndrome?

Autosomal Recessive

Which of the following most accurately describes the inheritance pattern of Bartter Syndrome?

Mimics Loop Diuretics

Which of the following best describes Bartter Syndrome?

Hypovolemia

Increased Aldosterone

Which of the following would you expect in a patient with Bartter Syndrome?

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

Which of the following medications is the preferred treatment for a patient with Bartter Syndrome?

Nephrolithiasis

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Cystic Enlargement of Renal Tubules

Which of the following most accurately describes the likely pathophysiology involved in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?

Mutations in PKD1/2

Which of the following is thought to be the underlying cause related to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?

Berry (Saccular) Aneurysms

Which of the following extrarenal manifestations is most likely to be seen in patients with ADPKD?

Hypertension&nbsp;

Which of the following signs or symptoms is most likely to be seen in patients with ADPKD?

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Hepatic Cysts

ADPKD demonstrates which of the following inheritance patterns?

Chronic Kidney Disease

Which of the following is most commonly seen as a complication of ADPKD?

Other Renal Disorders

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