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USMLE Step 1

USMLE Step 2

Indications for Urgent Dialysis (AEIOU)

Signs and Symptoms

AEIOU Mnemonic

Which of the following is an acronym or mnemonic associated with indications for urgent dialysis?

Acidosis

What does the A stand for in the AEIOU mnemonic for indications for urgent dialysis?

pH < 7.1

What best describes the pH range at which cell death is most likely to occur?

Electrolyte Imbalances

What does the E stand for in the AEIOU mnemonic for indications for urgent dialysis?

Symptomatic Hyperkalemia

Which electrolyte abnormality is most likely an indication for dialysis?

> 6.5 mEq/L

What best describes the potassium range at which cardiac arrest is most likely to occur?

Ingestion

What does the I stand for in the AEIOU mnemonic for indications for urgent dialysis?

Overload (Volume)

What does the O stand for in the AEIOU mnemonic for indications for urgent dialysis?

Uremia

What does the U stand for in the AEIOU mnemonic for indications for urgent dialysis?

Encephalitis

What condition is most likely to be seen with uremia?

Pericarditis

Casts in Urine (Differential Diagnosis)

Characteristics

RBC Casts

During your assessment of a patient with urinary casts which of the following is most likely to be seen in a patient with Glomerular Disease?

Glomerular Disease

During your assessment of a patient with RBC urinary casts which of the following is most likely correlated?

WBC Casts

During your assessment of a patient with urinary casts which of the following is most likely to be seen with acute pyelonephritis?

Acute Interstitial Nephritis

During your assessment of a patient with WBC urinary casts which of the following is most likely correlation?

Acute Pyelonephritis

Fatty Casts

During your assessment of a patient with urinary casts which of the following is most likely to be seen with nephrotic syndrome?

Maltese Cross Sign

Which microscopic finding or histological description is associated with fatty urinary casts?

Nephrotic Syndrome

During your assessment of a patient with fatty urinary casts which of the following is most likely correlation?

Granular Muddy Brown Casts

During your assessment of a patient with urinary casts which of the following is most likely to be seen with acute tubular necrosis?

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

During your assessment of a patient with granular muddy brown urinary casts which of the following is most likely correlation?

Waxy Casts

During your assessment of a patient with urinary casts which of the following is most likely to be seen with ESRD?

End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)  (Chronic Renal Failure)

During your assessment of a patient with waxy urinary casts which of the following is most likely correlation?

Hyaline Casts

Which of the following is most likely to be a nonspecific finding of disease relating to urinary casts?

Non-Specific

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for a patient with hyaline urinary casts?

Fanconi Syndrome Characteristics

Pathophysiology

Resorption Defect in Proximal Tubule

What is the most likely pathophysiology of Fanconi syndrome?

Hypophosphatemia

Which of the following symptoms, clinical features, or disorders is most commonly seen with Fanconi syndrome?

Rickets

Osteomalacia

Hypokalemia

Metabolic Acidosis

Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis

Treatment

Treat Underlying Disorder

Management of Fanconi syndrome most likely consists of which of the following descriptors?

Bicarbonate

Management of Fanconi syndrome most likely consists of using which of the following treatments?

Fanconi Syndrome Causes

Hereditary Causes

Cystinosis

Which of the following is a common cause of Fanconi syndrome?

Dent's Disease

Wilson's Disease

Oculocerebrorenal (Lowe) Syndrome

Galactosemia

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

Glycogen Storage Diseases

Tyrosinemia

Acquired and Medication Causes

Tenofovir

Heavy Metals

Expired Tetracyclines

Cisplatin

Gentamycin (Aminoglycosides)

Valproate Sodium

Multiple Myeloma

Syndrome Of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (SAME)

11 Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency

<b id="docs-internal-guid-c39fcd1b-7fff-4bc8-1bf4-acf3fded1db9">What is the main cause of the Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess (SAME)?<br></b>

Elevated Cortisol

Which of the following lab findings would you expect in a patient with syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME)?

Autosomal-Recessive

How is the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid deficiency inherited?

Low Aldosterone&nbsp;

Which of the following lab findings would you expect in a patient with syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess?

Licorice (glycyrrhetinic acid) Ingestion

Which of the following is an acquired cause of Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess?

Low Renin

Which of the following is a lab finding you would expect in the Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess?

Causes

Signs & Symptoms

Hypertension

Which of the following is a clinical sign in a patient with syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME)?

Which of the following is a lab finding expected in a patient with syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess?

Metabolic Alkalosis

Which of the following is a lab finding in a patient with syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (SAME)?

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Which of the following is a treatment for the syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess?

Other Renal Disorders

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