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Medicine (MD/DO)
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USMLE Step 1
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Biochemistry
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Fundamentals of Molecular Biology

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Biochemistry | Medicine (MD/DO) School Study Aid

Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
16 Picmonics to Learn | 36 mins
Nucleus
Characteristics
Transcription Factors
Nucleolus Transcribes rRNA
DNA
RNA
Nuclear Membrane is a Bilayer
Membrane is Continuous with Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus Surrounded by Cytosol
Nuclear Pores
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2 mins
Chromosome and DNA
DNA is the blueprint for building an organism
A chromosome is packed with DNA
Chromosomes exist in pairs
Humans have 23 chromosome pairs
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
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1 min
Chromosome Forms
Characteristics
Chromosome
Sister Chromatids
Homologous Recombination
Tetrad
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2 mins
Chromosome Components
Characteristics
DNA
Histones
Nucleosomes
Chromatin
Chromosome
Telomere
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1 min
DNA Base Pairing
Characteristics
3' End
5' End
Antiparallel Base Pairing
Complementary Strands Pair
Thymine And Adenine Pair
2 Hydrogen Bonds
Adenine and Uracil Pair in RNA
Guanine And Cytosine Pair
3 Hydrogen Bonds
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3 mins
DNA Replication
Characteristics
DNA Gyrase Uncoils Supercoil
Helicase Separated DNA Strand
Single-Strand Binding (SSB) Protein Keeps Strands Separated
DNA Polymerase Synthesizes New Strand
3' To 5' Reading
Primase Creates RNA Primer
Telomerase Caps DNA Ends
DNA Ligase Combines Okazaki Fragments
Okazaki Fragments On Lagging Strand
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4 mins
RNA
Characteristics
mRNA
3' Poly A Tail
5' Cap
Template For Translation
rRNA
Catalyzes Amino Acid Bonds
Component of Ribosome Enzyme
tRNA
Anticodon Region
3' Tail Bind To Amino Acid
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2 mins
Translation: Initiation
Translation: Initiation
Ribosome Binds mRNA
Complex Reads 5' to 3'
AUG Start Codon
Initiation Complex Forms
GTP and Initiation Factor Bring Complex Together
Met-tRNA Binds P Site
tRNA With Bound Amino Acids Binds A Site
Amino Acid Chain Created in Elongation
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3 mins
Translation: Elongation & Termination
Translation: Elongation
Amino Acid Chain Is Created
New Amino Acid-tRNA Enters A Site
GTP and Elongation Factors Help tRNA Enter A Site
Peptide Chain Binds to New Amino Acid
Peptide Chain-tRNA Moves to P Site
Free tRNA in P Site Moves to E Site
Translation: Termination
Stop Codon at A Site Causes Termination
Release Factors Help Complex Disassociate
Complex Falls Apart
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3 mins
Transcription Overview
Initiation
RNA Polymerase Binds Promoter
Elongation
DNA Opens by Helicase
RNA Polymerase Reads 3' to 5'
Nucleotides Added to 3' End
Termination
Stem Loop Formation
Rho Protein Factor
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3 mins
Codon Overview
Characteristics
mRNA Read In Three Nucleotide Chunks
AUG Is Start Codon
Matching tRNA Anticodon
Amino Acid Specific (To Codon)
AUG Codes For Methionine
UAA, UAG And UGA Are Termination Codons
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2 mins
Eukaryotic Transcription Regulation
DNA Silencer Region
Transcription Factors bind Silencer Region
Decreased Transcription
Co-factors can deactivate factors
Co-factors can activate factors
DNA Enhancer Region
Transcription Factors bind Enhancer Region
Increased Transcription
Enhancer and Silencer regions can be far from Promoter
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2 mins
Eukaryotic Post Transcriptional Modification
Modifications in Nucleus
mRNA Splicing
Introns Cut Out
Exons spliced together
Alternate Splicing
5' Cap added
3' Poly A tail added
Transported to Cytosol
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2 mins
De Novo Purine Synthesis
PRPP Synthesis
Ribose-5-Phosphate
PRPP (Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate)
IMP Synthesis
Glutamine PRPP Amidotransferase
Phosphoribosylamine
Folate Cofactor
Inosine Monophosphate
AMP Synthesis
Adenosine Monophosphate
Requires GTP
GMP Synthesis
Guanosine Monophosphate
Requires ATP
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4 mins
Collagen Types
Type I
Dermis
Cornea
Bone
Late Wound Repair
Tendons
Type II
Vitreous Humor
Cartilage
Nucleus Pulposus
Type III
Lymphatics
Bone Marrow
Early Wound Repair
Blood Vessels
Type IV
Basement Membrane
Lens
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2 mins
Collagen Synthesis
Steps
Synthesis
Hydroxylation
Glycosylation
Exocytosis
Proteolytic Processing
Assembly and Alignment
Cross-Linking
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2 mins

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