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Medicine (MD/DO)
/
USMLE Step 1
/
Neurology, Ophthalmology & Otology
/
Antiepileptic Drugs

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Neurology, Ophthalmology & Otology | Medicine (MD/DO) School Study Aid

Antiepileptic Drugs
16 Picmonics to Learn | 25 mins
Benzodiazepines Overview
Indications
First Line for Status Epilepticus
Anesthesia Induction
Anxiety
Eclampsia
Detoxification
Mechanism of Action
'-zepam' and '-zolam" Suffix
Increase Frequency of Cl- Channel Opening
Side Effects
Decrease REM Sleep
CNS Depression
Dependence
Antidote
Flumazenil for Overdose
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2 mins
Short-acting Benzodiazepines
Mnemonic
ATOM
Drug Names
Alprazolam
Triazolam
Oxazepam
Midazolam
Indications
Anesthesia Induction
Insomnia
Anxiety
Considerations
Half-life < 12 Hours
Dependence
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2 mins
Benzodiazepine Antidote
Antidote
Flumazenil
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40 secs
Barbiturates
Barb- Drug Names
Indications
Seizure Treatment
Anesthesia Induction
Mechanism of Action
Increased Duration of Cl- Channel Opening
Decrease Neuron Firing
Side Effects
Sedation
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Depression
CNS Depression
P450 inducer
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2 mins
Phenobarbital (Barbiturates)
Mechanism
Barbiturate
Indications
Seizures
Side Effects
Ataxia
Paradoxical Excitement
Fatigue/Drowsiness
Considerations
Monitor Plasma Levels
High Potential for Abuse
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1 min
Phenytoin
Indications
Status Epilepticus
Tonic-Clonic Seizures
Mechanism of Action
Blocks Na+ Channel Activation
Inhibition of Glutamate Release
Class IB Antiarrhythmic
Side Effects
Teratogenic
Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia
Induce Cytochrome P450
Drug-induced Lupus
Neuropathy
Hirsutism
Gingival Hyperplasia
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1 min
Valproic Acid
Indications
First Line Tonic-Clonic Seizure Treatment
Bipolar Disorder
Migraine Prophylaxis
Mechanism of Action
Increases GABA Concentration
Blocks Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
Side Effect
GI Distress
Contraindication
Contraindicated in Pregnancy
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1 min
Valproic Acid (Valproate) Side Effects
V-A-L-P-R-O-A-T-E
Vomiting
Alopecia
Liver Toxicity
Pancreatitis/Pancytopenia
Retain Fat (Weight Gain)
Oedema (Edema)
Appetite Increase
Tremor
Enzyme Inhibitor (P450)
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2 mins
Topiramate
Indications
Seizure Treatment
Migraine Prophylaxis
Mechanism of Action
Increase GABA Action
Blocks Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
Side Effects
Kidney Stones
Weight Loss
Sedation
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1 min
Carbamazepine
Indications
First-line Seizure Medication
First Line for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Mechanism of Action
Stabilizes Inactive State of Na+ Channels
Side Effects
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Induce Cytochrome P450
Teratogen
Hepatotoxicity
Blood Dyscrasias
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2 mins
Lamotrigine
Indications
Seizure Treatment
Bipolar Disorder
Mechanism of Action
Blocks Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
Side Effect
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
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1 min
Ethosuximide
Indications
First Line Absence Seizure Treatment
Mechanism of Action
Blocks Thalamic T-Type Ca2+ Channels
Side Effects
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Fatigue
Diarrhea
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32 secs
Vigabatrin and Tiagabine
Mechanisms
Increases GABA Concentration
Inhibits GABA Degradation (Vigabatrin)
Inhibits GABA Reuptake (Tiagabine)
Indications
Infantile Spasms
Partial (Focal) Seizure
Side Effects
Permanent Visual Loss (Vigabatrin)
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1 min
Levetiracetam
Mechanism of Action
SV2A Receptor Antagonist
Modulates GABA and Glutamate
Inhibits Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels
Indication
Partial (Focal) Seizures
Tonic-Clonic Seizures
Myoclonic Seizures
Side Effects
Psychiatric Symptoms
Lethargy
Headache
Contraindications
Chronic Kidney Disease
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3 mins
Long-acting Benzodiazepines
Drug Names
Lorazepam
Diazepam
Clonazepam
Chlordiazepoxide
Indications
Insomnia
Anxiety
Seizures
Eclampsia
Alcohol Withdrawal
Considerations
Half-life > 24 Hours
Dependence
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3 mins
Pregabalin (Lyrica)
Mechanism
GABA Analog
Indications
Seizures
Neuropathic Pain
Fibromyalgia
Side Effects
Headache
Dizziness
Somnolence (Fatigue)
Weight Gain
Angioedema
Rhabdomyolysis
Considerations
Dependence
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1 min

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